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ICSE 2018: MUST KNOW Geography (Chatrabhuj Narsee Memorial School (CNM), Mumbai)

15 pages, 541 questions, 460 questions with responses, 800 total responses,

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Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal s C.N.M. School & N.D. Parekh Pre-Primary School MUST KNOW QUESTIONS - GEOGRAPHY STD. X (2017-18) Question 1 Refer the Survey of India Map sheet No. 45 D/7 Northing 90-00 and Eastings 82-92 (1993) Answer the general topo- questions and the questions related to the Survey map: (a) Define/Explain the following terms: (i) Index contour (ii) Vertical black line (iii) Black brackets (iv) Scale (v) R.F Scale (vi) Statement Scale (vii) Fire lines (viii) Lime kiln (ix) Motorable in dry season (x) Cause way (xi) Sheet rock (xii) Contour interval (xiii) Rock outcrop (xiv) Stony waste (xv) Crags (xvi) Chimney (xvii) Triangulated hieght (b) (i) State whether Varka Nala is a tributary or distributary of the Sipu River. Justify your answer. (ii) Through which course does Hanva Nala flow in the given map extract? Justify your answer with two evidences. (iii) What sort of climate does the erosional features along the stream banks in 8398 indicate? (c) (i) What is Stony waste in 8596? How is it different from Rock outcrop? (ii) Identify the brown dashes in 9195? Why are they drawn there? (d) (i) The open mixed jungle in the north-eastern part of the map extract experiences seasonal rainfall and seasonal flood. Justify the Statement with one evidence for each. (ii) Differentiate between 200 in brown in 8695 and blue line in 8799. (e) (i) Differentiate between the settlement Akol and Jegol (Two points) (ii) Identify the settlement pattern of Bhadli (Jhat). Why do we find such type of settlement pattern there? (iii) State the reason behind the absence of tidal rivers in the given region. (f) (i) Differentiate between 20r in 8994 and 6r in 8495. (ii) Calculate the distance between the manmade dry tank in 8495 and the unlined perennial well in 8493 (g) (i) Calculate the length of the cart track joining Akol and Jhat in metres and kilometres. (ii) How long a person will take to cross the latitude 23025 if he walks at a speed of 2km per hour? (h) (i) Identify two relief features from 9198. (ii) Name one means of transport each used on the roads found adjacent to Gangawada. (iii) Name two agents of erosion acting over the area in the given map extract. Justify your answer. (i) (i) Differentiate between the drainage pattern in 8997 and 8494 (ii) Identify two primary occupations and one secondary occupation practiced by the people of Panswala. (iii) Explain R.F. scale of the given map. How is it different from the statement scale? (j) (i) The northwestern corner of the given map extract experiences scanty rainfall while north eastern part experiences moderate rainfall. Justify the statement. (ii) Differentiate between the black dots in 8395. (iii) State the difference between 277 and (8998) and 200 (8791). (k) (i) Give six figure grid reference of the Surveyed tree located close to Malpuriya. (ii) Identify the feature at 883992 Question 2 On the Outline Map of India Mark, Shade and Label the following: Tropic of cancer IT City next to Bengaluru River Son Konkan Coast Gulf of Kutch Northern Circars Satpura Range Tropical Cyclonic Winds A Sparsely populated State in India Karakoram Range Alluvial soil in southern India. Ganga plains Largest oilfield in India Deltaic Alluvial Soils above the Tropic of Cancer Winds that bring rainfall to Punjab during summer The Old Fold Mountains in India Hyderabad The Mountains considered as the youngest of all Fold mountains in the Nathula Pass World River Tungabhadra The capital of two states in the North River Satluj An area with laterite soil in the River Yamuna northeast Chennai The Temperate Cyclonic Winds Allahabad The plateau rich in Black soil Administrative Capital of India The plateau considered as the Ruhr of Kochi India Winter Monsoons on Tamil Nadu Coast The monsoon winds which blow On shore oil-reserve in India parallel to Coromandel Coast in The Western Ghats summer Indian Standard Meridian The river which has its source in the An area where laterite soil is found in the NE of Mahableshwar hills India The hills in the south which are absent between river Godavari and Krishna Question 3 The Climate of India (a) Explain Loo and Mango showers. (b) Name the local winds that blow over Karnataka and Assam in the months of May. What economic benefits do they bring to these states? (c) State the sources of rainfall in the state of Tamilnadu during winter. Explain mechanism of these wind systems. (d) Name one area which gets rainfall from tropical cyclones in India. Mention the place of its origin. (ii) Name two areas each which get scanty and heavy rainfall in India. (e) State two important features of rainfall in India. (f) (i) Differentiate between the rainfall received by Kerala and West Bengal in the period of South West Monsoon wind. (ii) Why does Kochi not have a clear cut winter season? (g) (i) Differentiate between the Burst of Monsoons and Break of Monsoons. (h) (ii) Why do we find presence of a desert on the western part of India? Give two reasons. (i) (iii) What are pre monsoon showers? (j) (i) Name the type of climate prevailing over India. (ii) Whyis the climate named so? (k) (i) Differentiate between the Burst of Monsoons and Break of Monsoons. (ii) Why do we find presence of a desert on the western part of India? Give two reasons. (iii) What are pre monsoon showers? (l) Give geographical reasons for the following: (i) Vishakhapatnam has a lesser annual range of temperature than Lucknow. interior- coastal (ii) Malabar Coast receives heavy rainfall in June. (iii) Srinagar is cooler than Chandigarh. Higher Altitude (iv) Chennai more rainy months but less amount of rainfall. (v) Kochi has moderate climate but not Kanpur. interior- coastal (vi) Shimla receives snowfall but not Ooty (vii) Patna receives heavy rains than Haridwar (viii) Terai region receives heavy rainfall. (ix) The summer monsoons retreat by October. (x) Andaman and Nicobar islands receive rainfall even during November. (xi) The month of October experiences a sultry and oppressive weather. (xii) Punjab experiences rainfall in the winter. (xiii) Hill stations in South India does not experience snowfall. (xiv) Varanasi is quite cold in the month of December. (xv) Central Maharastra receives less rainfall than the Konkan coast. (xvi) Northwest India experiences thunderstorm in hot and dry season. (m) A. Study the climatic data provided below and answer the questions that follow: Stn. Month J F M A M J J A S O N D A Temperature 21.0 22.6 26.3 29.2 29.7 27.5 25.1 24.5 24.8 25.5 22.5 20.5 in 0C Rainfall in 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.5 2.7 11.4 16.7 9.0 13.4 9.0 2.7 0.3 cms (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Identify the coldest and hottest month. Calculate the mean annual temperature and rainfall for the station. Does the station have a maritime or a continental climate? Give a reason for your answer. Which winds bring maximum rainfall to the station? Name a city which has similar kind of climatic conditions. Justify your answer. B. Study the climatic data provided below and answer the questions that follow: Stn. Month J F M A M J J A S O N D B Temperature 11.7 14.1 21.1 30.8 36.2 38.1 36.3 32.4 28 26.7 16.1 13.6 0 in C Rainfall in 2.1 2.3 1.0 0.9 1.5 5.6 21.1 19.2 15.1 0.6 0.3 1.8 cms Name the driest and hottest month. Calculate the range of the temperature, total annual rainfall and total annual temperature of the station. Name a city with same kind of climatic characteristics. Justify your answer. Which winds bring rainfall to the given city during winter? Which station is located close to the coast? (A or B) Question 4 SOILS IN INDIA (a) Name the following: 1. One mineral, one cash crop and one food crop grown in alluvial, black, red and laterite soil. 2. A region of deep gullies and ravines in India. 3. Soils found in the delta of Godavari. 4. Soil rich in humus. 5. Soils which contain high content of mineral salts. 6. Soil found in Chota Nagpur Plateau. 7. One transported and one insitu soil. (b) (i) What is soil? (ii) What is Dry Farming? Name one crop grown. (iii) Why are the alluvial soils of south India darker in colour? (iv) What is soil fertility? What are the features of fertile soil? (v) Which soil is the most extensive soil in India? Why? (vi) What are the advantages of clayey soil? Name the soil clayey in nature. (c) Differentiate between: 1. Red Soil and Black Soil. 2. Lowland and Upland Laterite soil 3. Deltaic and Coastal alluvial soil 4. Rill Erosion and Sheet Erosion. (d) (i) Why is Alluvial soil ideal for crop cultivation? (ii) Give Reason - Alluvial soil is black in colour in the Godavari Delta. (iii) Why is Deltaic alluvial soil clayey? (iv) Differentiate between black soil and alluvial soil on the basis of their formation. (v) Why is black soil known as self-ploughed soil? (e) Explain the following: (i) Soil (iv) Insitu Soil (ii) Khadar (v) Soil conservation (iii) Leaching (vi) Soil erosion (f) Give a geographical reason for the following: (i) Red soil is in situ. (ii) Terrace farming is an ideal way to stop soil erosion on the hill slopes. (iii) Alluvial soil is red in colour in the Valleys of Assam. (iv) Black soil does not get leached. (v) Control of shifting agriculture is practiced in the north eastern hills. (vi) Alluvial soil differs in texture (vii) Laterite soil is a leached soil (viii) The soils of lower Ganga valley are more compact than the soils of upper Ganga Valley. (ix) Alluvial soil is agriculturally important. (x) Laterite soils have low fertility. (xi) Red soil is acidic in nature. (xii) Alluvial soil in the Ganga plains is loamy (xiii) Khadar is more fertile then Bhangar. (xiv) Black soil is found in the Deccan Trap region. (g) (i) How is laterite soil formed? In which climate do we find laterite soil? (ii) Give Reason - Laterite soils have the characteristics of both in-situ and transported soil. (h) (i) State two causes of soil erosion in India and the one remedy for each. (ii) Why are the foothills of Western Himalayas experiencing extensive soil erosion? (iii) Give Reason - Afforestation helps in soil conservation. (iv) State the need for soil conservation-Give two reasons (i) (i) Explain the formation of red soil. (ii) Why do we find red soils in the plateau regions of India? (iii) Red soil needs regular manuring. Justify. (j) (i) What is soil Profile? (ii) Explain the term Humus. Question 5 NATURAL VEGETATION OF INDIA (a) Identify the type of forests in which the following trees could be found and give one use of each: (i) Sandalwood (vi) Teak (ii) Neem (vii) Ebony (iii) Sundari (viii) Rosewood (iv) Ber (ix) Babool (v) Palas (x) Mulberry (b) (i) Forests have an intricate relationship with the environment. Explain the given statement. (ii) Forests play a vital role in protecting the environment. Give two reasons. (iii) Mention the factors that have led to the decline in the forest cover. (iv) What is the difference between Reforestation and Afforestation? (c) (i) What is the main aim of Agroforestry. (ii) Give objectives of National Forestry. (iii) Differentiate between Agroforestry and Social forestry. (iv) What are the features of Social forestry? (d) Give the importance of forest under the following category: (i) Productive function (ii) Protective function (iii) Regulatory function (iv) Accessory function (e) (i) Why do we see mixed forests on the mountain slopes? (ii) Name two trees found in the Montane forest. (f) (i) What is selviculture? (ii) Mention two conservation methods that should be undertaken to arrest deforestation. (g) (i) Differentiate between the Dry and Moist Deciduous forest. (ii) Why the deciduous forest is commercially most exploited? (2 points) (h) Name the tree and the forest to which the following belong: (i) Used for making hookahs and ploughs (ii) Light reddish brown wood used for making tea chests (iii)Used for rearing of shellac worms (iv) Its wood extract is used for extracting aromatic oil. (i) (i) State the difference in the type of vegetation found on the windward and leeward side of Western Ghats. (ii) State the difference in the type of vegetation found on the windward and leeward side of Aravallis. (j) (i) Why do we come across tropical evergreen forest in the north eastern part of the country? (ii) State two features of the Rainforest of India. (iii) Give Reason - Tropical rain forests have not been fully exploited. (iv) Name a tree of Tropical Evergreen Forest which is used for making Piano keys. (k) (i) What are tidal forests? Give two areas in India where it is found. (ii) Give two characteristic features of the Tidal forest. (l) Mention three trees of the Tropical thorn forest and state one use of each of the trees. (m)You may get a picture, on the basis of the picture you will get questions to answer: 1. Give the geographical conditions required for Equatorial forest. 2. State its characteristic features. 3. Mention two areas and two states where they are found. 4. Why are these forest difficult to exploit. 5. Name two trees found here and give two uses of each. Question 6 WATER RESOURCES (a) Conservation of water is a must. Justify. (b) State the differentiate between ground water and water table. (c) Explain the following terms: i. Conduits ii. Catchments iii. Recharge facility iv. Irrigation v. Tube well vi. Inclined plane method vii. Lever method (d) State the mechanisms for rainwater harvesting. Explain the same. (e) Why are Perennial canals preferred over Inundation canals? (f) The need to harvest rain water, is a must in the present situation. Justify. (g) What is Rain Water Harvesting? (h) What is Watershed Management? (i) What is the main aim of hariyali? (j) Canal irrigation is popular in Northern Plains. Give Reasons (k) State the ideal condition required for the construction of tube wells. (l) Give the advantages and disadvantages of well irrigation. (m) Name two important canals in the following states: i. Karnataka ii. Bihar iii. Haryana iv. Maharashtra v. Tamil Nadu vi. Rajasthan (n) Give three advantages and disadvantages of canal irrigation. (o) Why is tank irrigation popular in Southern India? (p) Give the drawbacks of conventional methods of irrigation. (q) With reference to modern methods of irrigation answer the following: i. Differentiate between furrow irrigation and spray irrigation. ii. What is the disadvantage of sprinkler irrigation? iii. Why drip irrigation cannot be practiced in hilly areas? (r) How do multi-purpose projects solve the twin-problem of floods and water shortage? (s) Why is rainwater harvesting of greater significance in urban areas? (t) What are Percolation Pits? (u) Why does India need to manage its water resources? (v) Irrigation in India has solved the problem of India being self-sufficient to certain extent. Justify. (w) Soil requirement affects the need of irrigation. Justify. (x) Which are the three cropping seasons of India? (y) Name the following: i. Another name for Inclined Plane Method. ii. The place which receives the highest amount of rainfall. iii. Primary and Secondary source of water. iv. Two States where tank and canal irrigation are prominent. v. Which two rivers have been interlinked in order to make Rayalaseema district draught-proof. vi. Another name for kutcha well. vii. In this method vertical pole is used for balancing the bucket and an equivalent load is fixed at the other end. viii. It is built in the lower course of the river and it helps to raise the level of the water Question 7 MINERALS IN INDIA (a) What are minerals? (b) Distinguish between metallic and non-metallic minerals. (c) Give the unique characteristics of minerals. IRON-ORE (a) Which is the most widely mineral used in the industry? (b) Name the different varieties of iron ore and state the characteristics of each. (c) Give the uses of iron ore. (d) Name two centres in the following states where iron-ore is found. i. ii. iii. Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Odisha v. Andhra Pradesh vi Tamil Nadu vii. Maharashtra MANGANESE AND BAUXITE (a) What is manganese? (b) Give the uses of manganese. (c) Name two centres in the following states where manganese is found. i. Andhra Pradesh v. Karnataka ii. Telangana vi. Madhya Pradesh iii. Goa vii. Maharashtra iv. Jharkhand viii. Odisha ix Rajasthan (d) (e) (f) (g) Name the oxide of aluminium. Give the uses of aluminium. Where is the largest intergrated plant in India located? From where does the above plant get its supply of bauxite? COPPER (a) Where is copper found in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh? (b) Name the three principle combinations of copper. (c) Give the uses of copper. COAL (a) What are conventional sources of energy? (b) Name them. (c) How is coal formed? (d) Name the different varieties of coal and state their characteristics. (e) Differentiate between Gondwana and Tertiary coal fields. (f) What are the advantages and disadvantages of coal? (g) Explain the term Damudas. (h) Name the river and mention two coal fields in the following States. i. Maharashtra ii. Odisha iii. Jharkhand iv. West Bengal v. Chhattisgarh vi. Madhya Pradesh vii. Telangana viii. Andhra Pradesh PETROLEUM (a) How is petroleum formed? (b)Why is petroleum called the liquid gold? (c)Name the semi-solid forms of petroleum. (d)Where is petroleum found? (e)Name the products obtained from crude oil. (f)Name the compounds of petroleum. (g)What are the advantages and disadvantages of petroleum? (h)Name the light distillates of petroleum. (i) Why are most of the refineries located near the coast? (j)From where does the entire oil production come from? (k)Why is Mumbai High so called? (l) Name the biggest oil field in India. (m) Name two oil fields in Gujarat. (n)Name the oldest oil field in India. (o) Name the first refinery in the private sector. NATURAL GAS (a) Give the full form of CNG and LPG. (b) What is the main component of LPG? (c) Which gas will be added to LPG so that any leakage can be detected? (d) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Natural Gas? (e) Which is the second largest refinery in India? (f) Name the first Public Sector refinery. (g) Name the only coastal refinery. HYDEL POWER (a) What is hydel power? (b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectricity? (c) With reference to Bhakra Nangal Dam answer the following: i. Name the river on which it is built. ii. Name the two dams on which it is built. iii. Where are the power houses located? iv. What is the main aim of Bhakra Canal System? (d) With reference to Hirakud dam answer the following: i. On which river it is located? ii. Give any three uses of Hirakud Dam. (e) With reference to Sardar Sarovar Project answer the following: i. On which river it is located? ii. Give the benefits of this dam. NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY (a) What are non-conventional sources of energy? (b) India is blessed with abundant Solar Energy.Justify (c) What are the advantages of Solar Energy? (d) What are windmills? (e) What are wind farms? (f) What are the advantages of wind energy? (g) How is tidal energy produced? (h) What are the advantages of tidal energy? (i) How is Geothermal energy produced? (j) What are the advantages of geothermal energy? (k) Where are the geothermal energy located? (l) Name the elements of nuclear energy. (m) How is nuclear energy generated? (n) What are the advantages of nuclear energy? (o) What is biogas composed of? (p) How is it produced? (q) (r) (s) (t) Give the full form of WRRSE. What are the advantages of biogas? Give the full form of MNES. Give its aim. Question 8 AGRICULTURE IN INDIA (a) (i) Why does Agriculture play a significant role in the Indian economy? (ii) State the problems of agriculture in India and solutions for the same. (iii) Compare the characteristics of Intensive Commercial farming and Extensive Commercial farming. (iv) State two advantages of Plantation agriculture. (v) What is the importance of Green Revolution? (Three points) (b) What happens when(i) it rains during the harvesting of cotton. (ii) it rains before the harvesting of wheat. (iii)it floods during the maturing of sugarcane. (iv) the tea bushes are pruned. (v) Sugarcane is not processed in the first 48 hrs. of harvesting (c) Give the geographical term for each of the following(i) The residue after crushing of oilseeds. (ii) The process by which latex is hardened into rubber. (iii)Propagation of sugarcane by using the pieces of good quality sugarcane. (iv) Propagation of sugarcane by using root stock of the harvested cane. (v) Shifting the saplings from nursery beds to the main field (d) Differentiate between the following: (i) Subsistence agriculture and Mixed farming (ii) Arabica and Liberica (iii)Drilling and Dibbling (iv) Upland rice and Lowland rice (e) Explain the following and name the crop to which they are associated: (i) Rolling (iv) Withering (ii) Ratooning (v) Roasting (iii)Retting (vi) Ginning (f) (i) Differentiate between Kharif crop and Rabi crop. Give one example each. (ii) Give Reason - Coffee plantations are surrounded by shady trees. (iii) State an advantage and a disadvantage of Coffee Robusta. (g) With reference to the cereal crop that has registered the sharpest increase in the production post Green Revolution, answer the following: (i) Name the crop. Name an important state where it is cultivated. (ii) What is threshing? (iii)How was this crop threshed earlier and how is it threshed now? (h) (i) Explain briefly the processing of Cotton. (ii) Name the State which leads in production of Cotton in India. (iii) State the climatic conditions which affect the Cotton crop adversely. (iv) Give the geographical requirement for cultivation of cotton and jute. (v) Jute is referred to as the golden fibre. Give Reason. (vi)Why Mesta is considered a substitute of jute? (i) (i) Why does rice not form the staple food of people in North India? (ii) State the importance of Transplantation in agriculture. Name two crops which go through this process besides rice. (iii) What is the advantage of growing rice in nurseries before it is transplanted? (iv) Why does rice grow well in a soil with a clay like subsoil? (j) Explain the following terms: (i) Shifting agriculture (ii) Bud grafting (iii) Oil cake (j) (i) Why is the sett method of cultivation of sugarcane preferred to the ratoon method? (ii) State the problems of Sugarcane cultivators and the role of the government in solving them. (iii) Why is production of sugar cane increasing in Maharashtra? (iv) Why is a lot of labour required for cultivation of sugarcane? (k) (i) Name two non-edible oil seeds and two uses each. (ii) Cultivation of Pulses as a commercial food crop has increased over the years. Explain. (iii) Give Reason - Pulses are usually rotated with other crops by farmers. (iv) Millets are known as dry crops. Justify. (k) (i) Mention the geographical conditions required for cultivation of Tea. (ii) Give Reason - Tea shrubs are cultivated on hill slopes. (iii) State the difference in characteristics of Black tea and Green tea. (iv) Tea is widely grown in the Nilgiri hills. Explain with special reference to its geography. (v) Why does Tea grown in different parts of India taste different? How is this limitation overcome? (vi) Why are mostly women employed to harvest it? (l) Geographical conditions required for cultivation of# wheat and rice # tea and coffee Question 9 INDUSTRIES AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES (a) (i) Classify industries on the basis of the nature of its product. Give one example each. (ii) Explain with the help of an example each the factors which affect Industrialization in India. (iii) Why are industries beneficial for the economy of the country? (b) (i) State the problems faced by the Sugar industries. (ii) Mention the factors which have led to the growth of Sugar industry in South India. (iii) Explain the by-products of Sugar and state its use. (iv) India produces very little cane sugar though it is one of the largest producer of sugarcane in the world-Give reason. (v) Differentiate between the Northern Indian Sugar industry and Sugar industry in the peninsular India. (vi) The sugar industry is better developed in South India. (c) (i) Mention three problems each of Cotton textile industry in India. (ii) Kolkata is an important Cotton manufacturing centre in spite of West Bengal not being a leading producer of Cotton. Explain. (Giving two points.) (iii) Why is Ahmedabad is a leading producer of Cotton textile in India? (iv) State the factors which lead to development of the Ahmedabad-Vadodara Industrial region and name two agro based industries in this region. (v) Why is Cotton textile industry an agro based industry? (vi) Suggest a measure and explain how it will strengthen the cotton textile industry. (vii) Why is the Cotton textile industry losing foreign markets? (d) (i) Why is Silk industry considered as a small scale industry? (ii) Name two types non-mulberry Silk. (iii) Silk industry is well developed in Karnataka. Give reason. (iv) What is Sericulture? Why is Karnataka leading producer of Mulberry silk? (v) State the problems of Silk Industry. (vi) Name one silk weaving centre each in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Which silk is famous in the state of Assam? (vii) The silk mills require modernization. Give Reason. (e) (i) Khadi and Handloom industry is an important industry in India-Give reason. (ii) State any two problems faced by Khadi and Handloom industry. MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES (a) Name the places from where Tata Iron and Steel company get its following raw materials: (i) Manganese (iv) Water supply (ii) Dolomite (v) Labour force (iii) Iron ore (vi) Power supply (b) (i) Name the foreign collaborator of Rourkela Steel Plant. (ii) State the source from where it gets its iron ore and coal reserves. (c) (i) State the advantages of the Vishakhapatnam steel plant over other steel plants in India. Give two points. i. Vishakhapatnam is an important centre for shipbuilding. Give reason. (d) (i) From where does Tata iron and steel industry get its coal and iron ore? (ii) Heavy industries require huge capital investments. Justify. (e) (i) Where was the first aircraft industry set up in India? (ii) State the factors that affect the location of integrated steel plant. (iii) Industries are mainly concentrated in the areas near the coal fields. Justify. (f) (i) State the advantage and disadvantage of integrated iron and steel plant. (ii) Drawbacks of mini steel plant. (iii) The first integrated plant in India which is based on the latest technology in the petrochemical field. (g) (i) Mini steel plant is encouraged by the government. Give two reasons. (ii) Petrochemical products are highly preferred / Petrochemical products are replacing natural products. Justify. (iii) Name the two most important centres of electronic industry in India. (iv) The electronics industry has shown great development in the recent years. Justify. (h) Name the following: (i) The public sector plant set up in 1956 to fulfil the need of electronics in the defence services. (ii) A landmark organisation in Space Technology is located in Hyderabad. (iii) Full form of BEL. (iv) The steel plant set up with German Collaboration. Question 10 TRANSPORT (a) Road ways are always considered more important than any other means of transport. Explain. (b) Why is road transport favoured in the northern plains of India? (2 points) (c) (i) State the significance of Yamuna Express to the farmers of UP. (ii) Name the first expressway constructed in the country. (d) Give two benefits of the Golden Quadrilateral Project. (e) (i) What makes air transport a popular mode in India? (ii) Give one major disadvantage of airways. Why is it still a popular means of transport in India? (iii) Name two areas where helicopter services are used. (f) (i) Why is Railways preferred over waterways? (2 points) (ii) Give Reason: Konkan Railway is an engineering marvel of the Indian Railways. (iii) Explain, with two reasons, why railway transport is called the life-line of India ? (g) Why is rail transport more comfortable and popular in India? (h) State any two problems faced by the railways. (i) Why are Northern Rivers preferred for navigation over Deccan Rivers? (j) (i) Give the difference between State highways and Expressways. (2 points) (ii) What is the difference between a Port and a Harbour? (2 points) (iii) Why is Chennai port not accessible for cruise liners and oil tankers during the months of October, November and December? (iv) Which places are connect by NW2 and NW3? (k) (i) Name two ports on river Hooghly. (ii) Name the headquarters of North Eastern Railways. (l) What do the following stand for: (i) NHAI (v) PWD (ii) EMU (vi) BRO (iii) IWAI (vii) PHHL (iv) AAI (viii) PMGSY Question 11 WASTE (a) Define the terms: (i) Composting (ii) Open dumping (iii) Segregation (iv) Biomagnification (b) Explain how Eutrophication affects aquatic life. (c) What caused the Minamata disease? (d) (i) Name two greenhouse gases. (ii) State two common diseases caused as a result of gaseous pollution. (iii) Name two Toxic Particulate elements that can affect human lungs if consumed. (e) Mention two causes of depletion of ozone layer. (f) (i) What is Acid rain? State two consequences of it. (ii) State the effect of Acid Rain on monument Taj Mahal. (g) (i) Why is waste segregation the first step to waste management? (ii) Mention any one way by which accumulation of waste can be hazardous for human health. (h) Why is open dumping not considered environment friendly? (2 points) (i) (i) What is Sanitary Landfill ? (ii) Explain two specifications to be considered for Plantations at Landfill site. (j) (i) What is biodegradable waste? (ii) How does waste accumulation affect the environment? (iii) State the harmful impact of building big dams on the environment. (k) (i) Why is nuclear waste harmful? (2 points) (ii) How does one reduce environmental pollution? (iii) State two reasons why waste management is important. (l) What is Incineration? State its advantage. (m) Mention two reasons for the need of Waste management. (n) (i) What is the meaning of the 3 R s in waste management? (ii) Give an example for each one of the above. (o) (i) List some important initiatives of the Indian Government to improve the management of solid wastes. (ii) Give two individual initiatives taken to reduce environmental pollution.

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