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CBSE Class 12 Notes 2025 : history CH-1

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Swetha Iyer
Lalaji Memorial Omega International School (LMOIS), Kolapakkam, Chennai
CLass XII Humanities

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THEME-1 HISTORY CHAPTER -1 BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES Introduction 1. The Harappan seal is the most distinctive artefact of the Harappan Civilization or Indus Valley Civilization. 2. Harappan seal is made of a stone called steatite, seals like this one often contain animal motifs and signs from a script that remain undeciphered. How do we come to know about the Harappan Civilization ? We come to know about the Harappan Civilization through archaeological evidences like old buildings, pots, ornaments, tools and seals, etc. Archaeology - The study of the remains of the past. Archaeologist - A person who studies the old objects excavated. The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as Harappan Culture. 1. Because archaeologists use the term culture for a group of objects, distinctive in style, that are usually found together within a specific geographical area and period of time. 2. In the case of the Harappan culture, the distinctive objects include seals, beads, weights, stone blades and baked bricks. 3. These objects were found from areas as far as Afghanistan, Jammu and Baluchistan (Pakistan) and Gujarat. Harappa was the first site to be discovered. Harappan Civilization flourished along with river Indus (Now in Pakisthan) around between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE. There were earlier and later cultures, often called Early Harappan and Later Harappan, in the same area. The Harappan civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from these cultures. Beginnings: 1. There were several archaeological cultures in the region prior to the Mature Harappan. 2. These cultures were associated with distinctive pottery, evidence of agriculture, pastoralism & some crafts. 3. Settlements were generally small, and there were virtually no large buildings. 4. It appears that there was a break between the Early Harappan and the Harappan Civilization, evident from large-scale burning at some sites, as well as the abandonment of certain settlements. Subsistence Strategies: 1. The Mature Harappan culture developed in some of the areas occupied by the Early Harappan cultures. 2. These cultures also shared certain common elements including subsistence strategies. 3. The Harappans ate a wide range of plant and animal products, including fish. 4. Archaeologists have been able to reconstruct dietary practices from finds of charred grains and seeds. These are studied by archaeo-botanists, who are specialists in ancient plant remains. The crops which were known and produced by the Harappan people. 1. Grains found at Harappan sites include wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea and sesame. 2. Millets are found from sites in Gujarat. Finds of rice are relatively rare. Animal bones found at Harappan sites include those of cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo and pig. What do the studies done by archaeo-zoologists or zoo-archaeologists reveal about the Harappans? 1. Studies done by archaeo-zoologists or zoo-archaeologists indicate that these animals were domesticated. 2. Bones of wild species such as boar, deer and gharial are also found. 3. We do not know whether the Harappans hunted these animals themselves or obtained meat from other hunting communities. Bones of fish and fowl are found. The agricultural technology of Harappans 1. While the prevalence of agriculture is indicated by finds of grain, it is more difficult to reconstruct actual agricultural practices. 2. Archaeologists have found evidence of a ploughed field at Kalibangan (Rajasthan). Representations on seals and terracotta sculptures indicate that the bull was known. 3. Oxen were used for ploughing. Terracotta models of the plough have been found at sites in Cholistan and at Banawali (Haryana). 4. The field had two sets of furrows at right angles to each other, suggesting that two different crops were grown together. 5. Most Harappan sites are located in semi-arid lands, where irrigation was probably required for agriculture. Canals have been found at the Harappan site of shortughai in Afghanistan, but not in Punjab or Sind. It is possible that ancient canals sited up long ago. 6. It is also likely that water was drawn from wells and used for irrigation. Besides, water reservoirs found in Dholavira (Gujarat) may have been used to store water for agriculture. The distinctive features of Mohenjodaro: (Mohenjodaro means the mound of the dead) a) Planned city: 1. The most unique feature of the Harappan civilization was the development of urban centres. For example: Mohenjodaro. 2. Although, Mohenjoadro is the most well-known site, the first site to be discovered was Harappa. 3. The settlement is divided into two sections, one smaller but higher and the other much larger but lower. Archaeologists designate these as the Citadel and the Lower Town respectively. 4. The Citadel owes its height to the fact that buildings were constructed on mud brick platforms. It was walled, which meant that it was physically separated from the Lower Town. b) The Lower Town: 1. It was also walled. Several buildings were built on platforms, which served as foundations. 2. It has been calculated that if one labourer moved roughly a cubic metre of earth daily, just to put the foundations in place it would have required four million person-days, in other words, mobilizing labour on a very large scale. 3. Once the platforms were in place, all building activity within the city was restricted to a fixed area on the platforms. 4. So it seems that the settlement was first planned and then implemented accordingly. Other signs of planning include bricks, which, whether sun-dried or baked were of a standardized ratio, where the length and breadth were four times and twice the height respectively. Such bricks were used at all Harappan settlements. c) Drainage system: 1. One of the most distinctive features of Harappan cities was the carefully planned drainage system. 2. All the roads and streets were laid out along an approximate grid pattern, intersecting at right angles. 3. It seems that streets with drains were laid out first and then houses built along them. 4. If domestic waste water had to flow into the street drains, every house needed to have at least one wall along a street. d) Domestic architecture: (Describe the distinctive features of domestic architecture of Mohenjodaro). 1. The Lower Town at Mohenjodaro provides examples of residential buildings. Many were centred on a courtyard with rooms on all sides. 2. The courtyard was probably the centre of activities such as cooking and weaving, particularly during hot and dry weather. 3. There was much concern for privacy. There are no windows in the walls along the ground level. 4. Besides, the main entrance does not give a direct view of the interior or the courtyard. 5. Every house had its own bathroom paved with bricks, with drains connected through the wall to the street drains. 6. Some houses have remains of staircases to reach a second storey or the roof. 7. Many houses had wells, often in a room that could be reached from the outside and used by passers-by. 8. Scholars have estimated that the total number of wells in Mohenjodaro was about 700. e) The Citadel: 1. We find evidence of structures that were probably used for special public purposes. These include the warehouse - a massive structure of which the lower brick portions remain while the upper portions probably of wood, decayed long ago - and the Great Bath. 2. The Great Bath was a large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a corridor on all four sides. 3. There were two flights of steps on the north and south leading into the tank, which was made watertight by setting bricks on edge and using a mortar of gypsum. 4. There were rooms on three sides, in one of which was a large well. Water from the tank flowed into a huge drain. 5. Across a lane to the north lay a smaller building with eight bathrooms, four on each side of a corridor, with drains from each bathroom connecting to a drain that ran along the corridor. 6. Its uniqueness and context has led scholars to suggest that it was meant for some kind of a special ritual bath. How do archaeologists trace socio-economic differences in Harappan society ? What are the differences that they notice ? 1. Studying burials: (Write a short note about the burials in Harappan culture). a) At burials in Harappan sites the dead were generally laid in pits. Sometimes, there were differences in the way the burial pit was made - in some instances, the hollowed-out spaces were lined with bricks. b) Some graves contain pottery and ornaments, perhaps indicating a belief that these could be used in the afterlife. Jewellery has been found in burials of both men and women. c) In fact, in the excavations at the cemetery in Harappan in the mid-1980s, an ornament consisting of three shell rings, a jasper (a kind of semi-precious stone) bead and hundreds of micro beads was found near the skull of a male. d) In some instances the dead were buried with copper mirrors. But on the whole, it appears that the Harappans did not believe in burying precious things with the dead. 2. Studying artefacts: a) Archaeologists broadly classify artefacts as utilitarian and luxuries. b) The first category includes objects of daily use made fairly easily out of ordinary materials such as stone or clay. These include querns, pottery, needles, flesh-rubbers (body scrubbers), etc., and are usually found distributed throughout settlements. c) Archaeologists assume objects were luxuries if they are rare or made from costly, non-local materials or with complicated technologies. Thus, little pots of faience (a material made of ground sand or silica mixed with colour and a gum and then fired) were probably considered precious because they were difficult to make. d) The situation becomes more complicated when we find what seem to be articles of daily use, such as spindle whorls made of rare materials such as faience. e) So we find that rare objects made of valuable materials are generally concentrated in large settlements like Mohenjodaro and Harappa and are rarely found in the smaller settlements. For example: miniature pots of faience, perhaps used as perfume bottles, and there are none from small settlements like Kalibangan. Gold too was rare, and as at present, probably precious - all the gold jewellery found at Harappan sites was recovered from hoards. What were the crafts of the people of Chanhudaro ? The crafts of the people of Chanhudaro were bead-making, shell-making, metal-working, seal-making and weight-making. List out the materials used to make beads in the Harappan civilization. The variety of materials used to make beads is remarkable: 1. Stones like carnelian (of a beautiful red colour), jasper, crystal, quartz and steatite. 2. Metals like copper, bronze and gold; and shell, faience and terracotta or burnt clay. 3. Some beads were made of two or more stones, cemented together, some of stone with gold caps. 4. The shapes were numerous - disc shaped, cylindrical, spherical, barrel-shaped, segmented. Some were decorated by incising or painting and some had designs etched onto them. Explain the techniques of craft production, especially bead making at the Harappan sites of Lothal and Chanhudaro. Techniques for making beads differed according to the material. 1. Steatite, a very soft stone, was easily worked. 2. Some beads were moulded out of a paste made with steatite powder. This permitted making a variety of shapes, unlike the geometrical forms made out of harder stones. 3. Archaeologists experiments have revealed that the red colour of carnelian was obtained by firing the yellowish raw material and beads at various stages of production. 4. Nodules were chipped into rough shapes and then finely flaked into the final form. Grinding, polishing and drilling completed the process. Specialized drills have been found at Chanhudaro, Lothal and more recently at Dholavira. 5. Nageshwar and Balakot were specialized centres for making shell objects - including bangles, ladles and inlay which were taken to other settlements . 6. Similarly, it is likely that finished products (such as beads) from Chanhudaro and Lothal were taken to the large urban centres such as Mohenjodaro and Harappa. How are the centres of craft production identified ? In order to identify centres of craft production, archaeologists use the following: 1. Raw materials like stone nodules, whole shells, copper ore. 2. Tools. 3. Unfinished objects. 4. Rejects and waste. (Waste is one of the best indicators of craft work). 5. For example: if stone is cut to make objects, pieces of these materials will be discarded as waste at the place of craft production. 6. Sometimes, larger waste pieces were used up to make smaller objects but minuscule (extremely small) bits were usually left in the work area. 7. Apart from small, specialized centres like Lothal and Balakot, production was also undertaken in large cities like Mohenjodaro and Harappa. How did Harappans procure raw materials ? A variety of raw materials were used for craft production. 1. While some like clay were locally available, many such as stone, timber and metal had to be procured from outside alluvial plain. Terracotta toy models of bullock carts suggest that it was one important means of transporting goods and people across land routes. Riverine routes and coastal routes were probably used. 2. Harappans established settlements to procure raw materials. For example: a) In Nageshwar and Balakot areas where shell was available. b) Shortughai in far-off Afghanistan where Lapis Lazuli (a blue stone that was very highly valuable) was available. Lothal - in Gujarat for carnelian. In Rajasthan for Metal. In South Rajasthan and North Gujarat for Steatite. 3. Harappans have been to send expeditions to procure raw materials. For example: a) In Khetri region of Rajasthan for copper and South India for gold. There is evidence in the Khetri area for what archaeologists call the Ganeshwar-Jodhpura culture with its distinctive non-Harappan pottery and an unusual wealth of copper objects. It is possible that the inhabitants of this region supplied copper to the Harappans. Contact with distant India Recent archaeological finds suggest that copper was also probably brought from Oman, on the south eastern tip of the Arabian peninsula. Chemical analyses have shown that both the Omani copper and Harappan artefacts have traces of nickel, suggesting a common origin. A distinctive type of vessel, a large Harappan jar coated with a thick layer of black clay has been found at Omani sites. Such thick coatings prevent the percolation of liquids. Mesopotamian texts datable to the third millennium BCE refer to copper coming from a region called Magan. Mention the regions of contact as mentioned in Mesopotamian texts. Dilmun (The island of Bahrain), Magan, Meluhha and possibly the Harappan region. What kind of products are mentioned through this contact ? They mention the products from meluhha - Carnelian, Lapis Lazuli, Copper, Gold and varieties of wood. Mesopotamian myth says of Meluhha: May your bird be the haja-bird, may its call be heard in the palace . Some archaeologists think the haja-bird was the peacock. Mesopotamian texts refer to Meluhha as a land of seafarers. Besides, we find depiction of ships and boats on seals. Seals: 1. Harappan seals usually have a line of writing probably containing the name and title of the owner. 2. They engraved with figures of animals. How were Harappan seals and sealings used to facilitate long distance communication ? 1. A bag of goods being sent from one place to another place. Its mouth was tied with rope and on the knot was affixed some wet clay on which one or more seals were pressed leaving an impression. 2. If the bag reached with its sealing intact, it meant that it had not been tampered with. What did the sealings convey ? Sealings conveyed the identity of the sender. Uses of seals: 1. Seals enabled long distance communication. 2. Seals found in Mesopotamia indicate that they were used for trade purpose. 3. They were used to stamp property as a means of identifying their owners. Why do archaeologists and historians find Harappan script enigmatic ? 1. Most inscriptions are short, the longest containing 26 signs. 2. Till today, the script remains undeciphered. 3. The scripts were not alphabetical. 4. The script was written from right to left. 5. Some seals had a wider spacing on the right and cramping on the left. 6. The scripts had no consistency. Mention the variety of objects on which writing has been found. 1. Seals 4. Terracotta tablets 2. Copper tools 5. Jewellery 7. Even an ancient signboard. 3. Rims of jars 6. Bone rods Mention the important features of weights used by Harappans. 1. Exchanges were regulated by a precise system of weights, usually made of a stone called chert and generally cubical with no markings. 2. The lower denominations of weights were binary (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc. up to 12,800) while the higher denominations followed the decimal system. 3. The smaller weights were probably used for weighing jewellery and beads. 4. Metal scale-pans have been found. Ancient Authority There are indications of complex decisions being taken and implemented in the Harappan society . In light of this statement, explain whether there may have been rulers to rule over the Harappan society. 1. Historians suggest that there are indications of complex decisions being taken and implemented in the Harappan society. The extraordinary uniformity of Harappan artefacts is found in pottery, seals, weights and bricks. 2. Notably, bricks, though obviously not produced in any single centre, were of a uniform ratio throughout the region, from Jammu to Gujarat. 3. The settlements were strategically set up in specific locations for various reasons. Labour was mobilized for making bricks and also for the construction of massive walls, platform, etc. to develop the urban civilization. Different arguments put forwarded by the archaeologists over the central authority of Harappa. (or) The archaeologists have no proper response for the central authority of the Harappans. Substantiate the statement. Although there are no archaeological records regarding the centre of power, archaeologists have made various assumptions. 1. A large building found at Mohenjodaro was labelled as a palace by archaeologists but no spectacular finds were associated with it. 2. A stone statue has been labelled as the priest-king . 3. Some archaeologists are of the opinion that there were no rulers in the Harappan society and that everybody enjoyed equal status. 4. Others are of the opinion that there was no single ruler but several rulers. Monenjodaro had a separate ruler, Harappa had separate and so on. 5. Some others suggest that there was a single state. This theory was based on the similarity of artefacts, planned settlements, etc. 6. The last opinion considers being more plausible as it is doubtful that such complex decisions were made and implemented collectively by entire communities. THE FUNCTIONS THAT MAY HAVE BEEN PERFORMED BY THE RULERS IN HARAPPAN SOCIETY. 1. There are indications of extra ordinary uniformity of Harappan artefacts as evident in pottery, seals, weights and bricks. Bricks though obviously not produced in any single centre, were of a uniform ratio throughout the region. 2. Under the guidance and supervision of the rulers, plans and layouts of the city were prepared. Big buildings, tanks, wells, granaries were constructed. 3. Roads, lanes and drainage system were also constructed and cleanliness was maintained under the several supervision of rulers. 4. Rulers might have taken interest in economy of the state or city. They used to inspire the farmers to increase agricultural production. 5. Rulers motivated the craftsmen to promote new handicrafts. Trade both internal and external was promoted. 6. The rulers used to issue common acceptable coins or seals, weights and measurements. 7. Rulers were expected to provide relief during natural calamities like flood, earthquake, epidemics. 8. During foreign aggressions the rulers might have defended the city. Priest King: A stone statue was labelled and continues to be known as priest king . This is because archaeologists were familiar with Mesopotamian history and its priest kings and have found parallels in the Indus region. End of the Harappan Civilization There is evidence that by 1800 BCE most of the Mature Harappan sites in regions like Cholistan had been abandoned. Simultaneously, There was an expansion of population into new settlements in Gujarat, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh. The two changes that were observed after 1900 BCE in Harappan Civilization. 1. After 1900 BCE sites which existed marked the transformation of material culture i.e. disappearance of distinctive artefacts of civilization like weights, seals, distant trade, etc. Writing, long-distance trade, and craft specialization also disappeared. 2. House construction techniques deteriorated and large public structures were no longer produced. It indicates a rural way of life named Late Harappan or successor cultures . The reasons responsible for the end of the Harappan civilization is still unknown. But probable reasons are: 1. Climatic Change 2. Deforestation 3. Excessive floods 4. Over use of the landscape 5. The shifting or drying up of rivers 6. Invasion most probably by the Aryans (Around 1500 BCE a group of nomadic people known as the Aryans moved out of their homeland in central Asia. They moved south into northern India and conquered the Harappans and created a new Indian society based on Aryan culture and institutions). Discovering the Harappan Civilization - Cunningham and his Confusions 1. Cunningham was the first Director-General of ASI (Archaeological Survey of India). 2. He was known as the father of Indian archaeology. 3. He began archaeological excavations in the mid 19th century, archaeologists preferred to use the written word (texts and inscriptions) as a guide to investigations. 4. His main interest was in the archaeology of early history from 6th century BCE to 4th century CE, and later periods. 5. He used the accounts left by Chinese pilgrims who had visited the subcontinent between the 4th and 7th centuries CE to locate early settlements of Harappans. 6. He also collected, documented and translated inscriptions found during his surveys. 7. A site like Harappa did not fit well in his area of investigation. 8. Although Harappan artefacts were found during the 19th century and some of these reached Cunningham. 9. But he did not realize how old these were as they were not part of the itinerary of Chinese pilgrims and was not known as an Early Historic city. 10. An English man gave a Harappan seal to Cunningham. 11. But he was unable to place it in the time-frame with which he was familiar. He thought that Indian history began with the first cities in the Ganga valley. 12. So, it is assumed that he missed the significance of Harappa. Describe the bases on which John Marshall, Director General of Archaeological Survey of India in 1924 announced the discovery of a new civilization in the Indus valley to the world. 1. John Marshall did a lot of work in ASI. 2. Daya Ram Sahni was a archaeologist found a number of seals at Harappa which had significance that began to be realized. 3. New excavations took place by R D Banerji, a archaeologist. He discovered similar seals at Mohenjodaro, leading to the conjecture that these sites were part of a single archaeological culture. 4. Based on these findings (seals, toys and pottery) in 1924, John Marshall Director-General of ASI announced the discovery of a new civilization in the Indus valley to the world. 5. S.N. Roy noted in the story of Indian archaeology, Marshall left India 3 thousand years older that he had found her . This was because similar, till-then unidentified seals were found at excavations at Mesopotamian sites. It led to people to know not only new civilization but also contemporaneous with Mesopotamia. 6. John Marshall stint as Director-General of the ASI marked a major change in the Indian archaeology. He was the first professional archaeologist to work in India and brought the experience of working in Greece and Crete to the field 7. He tended to excavate along regular horizontal units, measured uniformly throughout the mound, ignoring the stratigraphy of the site. Artefacts recovered from the same unit were grouped together, even if they were found at different stratigraphic layers, (Stratigraphy - study of rock layers and laying process). So, valuable information was lost. R.E.M. Wheeler and his contribution in the field of Archaeology. 1. He was an archaeologist and Director-General of the ASI in 1944. 2. He rectified the John Marshall s excavation and followed stratigraphy of the mound to excavate. What were the differences in the techniques adopted by John Marshall and R.E.M. Wheeler in studying Harappan Civilization. 1. Marshall tended to excavate along regular horizontal units, measured uniformly throughout the mound, ignoring stratigraphy of the site. Artefacts recovered from the same unit were grouped together, even if they were found at different stratigraphic layers, valuable information about the context was irretrievably lost. 2. R.E.M Wheeler rectified this problem. He recognized that it was necessary to follow the stratigraphy of the mound rather than dig mechanically along uniform horizontal lines. What were mounds ? When people continue to live in the same place their constant use and reuse of the landscape results in the build up of occasional debris called a mound. Kalibangan, Lothal, Rakhi Garhi and most recently Dholavira have been discovered, explored and excavated and also fresh explorations continue. Over the decades, new issues have assumed importance in the archaeology of Harappa . Justify the statement. 1. Some archaeologists are keen to obtain a cultural sequence. 2. Few of them try to understand the logic behind the location of specific sites. Since the 1980s, there has also been growing international interest in Harappan archaeology. 3. They are using modern scientific techniques including surface exploration to recover traces of clay, stone, metal, plant and animal remains and to minutely analyze every scrap of available evidence. How do archaeologists reconstruct the past ? 1. It is not the Harappan script that helpful in understanding the ancient civilization. Rather, it is material evidence that allows archaeologists to better reconstruct Harappan life. 2. Material evidence includes pottery, tools, ornaments, household objects, etc. 3. Skulls, bones, jaws, teeth of the dead bodies and materials buried along with dead bodies are also helpful for archaeologists. 4. Archaeologists try to find out the tools used in the process of cultivation and harvesting. They also try to find out traces of wells, canals, tanks, etc. as they served means of irrigation. 5. Different layers of sites are observed to find out different things which give the picture of socio-economic condition such as religious life and cultural life of the people. 6. Tools, unfinished objects, waste materials help in identifying the centres of craft production. 7. Archaeologists develop frames of references. Harappan seals help in reconstructing the concept of religious belief of the period. For example: seals depict religious scenes as one-horned animal, often called unicorn depicted on the seals seem to be mythical, composite creatures. 8. In some seals, a figurine has been shown sitting crossed legs in a yogic posture. All these represent the religious concept of the period. 9. Indirect evidences also help the archaeologists in reconstructing the past. Problems faced by archaeologists in the interpretation of religious practices of Harappa. 1. Harappan script is not helpful in understanding the ancient Harappan civilization. Because the script remains undeciphered till date. 2. Organic materials such as cloth, leather, wood and reeds generally decomposed while stone, clay tablets, metal, etc. survived. 3. Archaeologists classify their findings into two a) Simple principle of classification is in terms of material: such as stone, clay, metal, bone, ivory, etc. b) In terms of function: Archaeologists have to decide whether, for instance, an artefact is a tool or an ornament, or both, or something meant for ritual use. 4. An understanding of the functions of an artefact is often resembled with present day things like beads, stone blades, pots etc. 5. Archaeologists also try to identify the functions of an artefact by investigating the context in which it was found, whether it was found in a house, in a drainage or graveyard. 6. Attempts have also been made to reconstruct religious beliefs and practices by examining seals, some of them seem to depict ritual scenes and others with plant motifs are thought to indicate nature of worship. 7. Many reconstructions of Harappan religion made on the assumption that later traditions provide parallels with earlier ones. Because Archaeologists often move from the known to unknown that is from the present to the past. Many reconstructions of Harappan religion made on the assumption and archaeological interpretation. 1. Archaeologists thought that certain objects which seemed unusual or unfamiliar may have had a religious significance. These included terracotta figurines of women, heavily jewelled with elaborate head-dresses which were regarded as mother goddesses. 2. Rare stone statuary of men seated with one hand on the knee was regarded as Priest King. Other structures found in Harappan civilization like the great bath, fire altars found at Mohenjodaro and Lothal also were taken as significance for ritual practices. 3. Mythical creatures like unicorn figure, seated crossed-leg in yogic posture of proto-shiva were all examples of Hindu religion. 4. Besides, conical stone objects have been classified as lingas. For instance, at the proto-Shiva seals. The earliest religious text, the Rigveda (compiled c. 1500-1000 BCE) mentions a god named Rudra, which is a name used for Shiva in later Puranic traditions (in the first millennium CE; see also Chapter 4). However, unlike Shiva, Rudra in the Rigveda is neither depicted as Pashupati (lord of animals in general and cattle in particular), nor as a yogi. In other words, this depiction does not match the description of Rudra in the Rigveda. Is this, then, possibly a shaman as some scholars have suggested? Shamans - They are men and women who claim magical and healing powers, as well as an ability to communicate with the other world. A linga is a polished stone that is worshipped as a symbol of Shiva. Thank You

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