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ISC Class XI Notes 2025 : Chemistry

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Pragati Rajesh
GEMS Modern Academy, Dubai

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CHAPTER-1 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY TOPIC-1 Introduction to Chemistry and Matter Revision Notes Chemistry is the branch of science which deals with the study of materials, their preparations, their properties, their accurate super microscopic structures, their mutual interactions, and their uses in all possible walks of life. The main branches of chemistry are inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry and analytical chemistry. (i) Inorganic Chemistry: All metals, non- metals their properties, extraction, their compounds- preparation and properties of those compounds, all is studied in this branch. (ii) Organic chemistry : This branch deals with carbon compounds and its derivatives: aliphatic hydrocarbon, its derivatives, benzene and its derivatives, carbohydrates, proteins, fats etc. (iii) Physical chemistry: This branch deals with logical explanation of rules, theories, hypothesis and laws. It also explains nuclear processes and spectroscopy. (iv) Analytical chemistry: This branch deals with qualitative and quantitative analysis of solids, liquids and mixtures. Few other important branches of Chemistry are: Bio-chemistry, Chemical Physics, Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Particulate Nature and Classification of matter: l The entire universe is made up of matter and energy. l Matter was believed to be made up of discrete particles, called matter. l John Dalton proposed atomic theory. l J.J.Thomson challenged atomic theory and proved that atoms are not indivisible using discharge tube experiments. l The model of an atom given by Neil Bohr successfully explains the spectrum of hydrogen. Classification of Matter: l Matter can be classified in two ways: Physical and Chemical classification of matter l On the basis of physical state, matter can be classified into : (i) Solid state: It has definite shape and possess the definite volume. The molecules are closely packed. They vibrate along their axis. They are hard and rigid. (ii) Liquid state: They have definite volume but not the definite shape. Intermolecular distance is more as compared to those in solids. They acquire the shape of the container. (iii) Gaseous state: It possess neither definite shape nor definite volume. The molecules are free to move anywhere. Intermolecular distances are quite high. They can be easily compressed. Chemically matter can be classified into pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances are further classified into elements and compounds. Elements: l Elements are the constituents of pure substance.

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