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CLAT Exam 2026 : English Language

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St. Joseph's College (SJC), Prayagraj / Allahabad
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PHYSICS PROJECT WORK Theme: Practical Applications and Real-World Problem Solving Class XI | Academic Year 2025 26 General Instructions Complete all theoretical explanations and calculations neatly in your physics file. For estimation tasks, clearly state any assumptions you make. Ensure all final answers include correct SI units. Adhere to the rules of significant figures. SECTION A: The Art of Estimation (Order of Magnitude) Physics is not always about exact numbers; it's often about making intelligent guesses using standard units. Q1. The Daily Commute Heartbeat Estimation Estimate the total number of heartbeats of a typical student during their commute to school over an entire academic year. Assumed Values Average Heart Rate 75 beats per minute Commute Time (one way) 30 minutes Round trip = 60 min/day School Days in a Year 200 days Calculation Total Heartbeats = Heart Rate Commute Time/day School Days = 75 60 200 = 9,00,000 beats Final Answer: 9,00,000 beats Order of Magnitude: 10 Q2. The Water Footprint Monthly Household Usage Estimate the total volume of water (in cubic metres) your household consumes in one summer month. Assumed Values (Family of 4, per day) Bathing 60 L/person 240 L for 4 people Drinking 3 L/person 12 L for 4 people Washing (clothes/dishes) 40 L/person 160 L for 4 people Total per day 412 L Calculation Monthly usage = 412 L/day 30 days = 12,360 L Volume in m = 12,360 1000 = 12.36 m Final Answer: 12.36 m Order of Magnitude: 10 m SECTION B: Error Analysis in Daily Life No measurement is perfect. Understanding errors is critical in commerce, medicine, and engineering. Q1. The Gold Purchase Measurement Error A gold coin is supposed to weigh 10.0 g. The jeweller uses a digital scale with a least count of 0.1 g. Gold costs 7,000 per gram. Given Values Supposed weight 10.0 g Least count of scale 0.1 g Price of gold 7,000 per gram Maximum possible error 0.1 g (= least count) Percentage Error % Error = (Absolute Error / True Value) 100 = (0.1 / 10.0) 100 = 1% Maximum Financial Loss = 0.1 g 7,000 = 700 Maximum Percentage Error = 1% Maximum Financial Loss = 700 Q2. The Medical Dose Significant Figures A pharmacist mixes: 15.2 mL active drug + 0.045 mL preservative + 5.12 mL flavouring. Significant Figures in Each Measurement Active drug (15.2 mL) 3 significant figures, 1 decimal place Preservative (0.045 mL) 2 significant figures, 3 decimal places Flavouring (5.12 mL) 3 significant figures, 2 decimal places Calculation Total = 15.2 + 0.045 + 5.12 = 20.365 mL Rule: For addition/subtraction, round to the least number of decimal places (= 1 decimal place from 15.2 mL). Rounded Total Volume = 20.4 mL Total Volume = 20.4 mL (3 significant figures) Why it matters in pharmacology: Too much active ingredient causes overdose/toxicity; too little makes the treatment ineffective. Significant figures reflect instrument precision, preventing dangerous dosing errors.

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