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GENERAL REACTIONS I properties of dilute acids: (work sheet has been given for this) i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) Acid Acid Acid Acid Acid Acid Acid Acid + active metal H2 + salt + base salt + water + a carbonate CO2 + H2O + salt + bicarbonate CO2 + H2O + salt + sulphite SO2 + H2O + salt + bisulphite SO2 + H2O + salt + sulphide H2S + salt + thiosulphate S + SO2 + H2O + salt II properties of conc. H2SO4 (Refer to sulphuric acid lesson) i) Conc. H2SO4 as less volatile acid a) Any chloride + conc. H2SO4 HCl + salt NaCl + conc. H2SO4 HCl + NaHSO4 (temp <200oC) b) Any nitrate + conc. H2SO4 NaNO3 + salt NaNO3 + conc. H2SO4 NaNO3 + NaHSO4 (temp <200oC) ii) Conc. H2SO4 as dehydrating agent a) C12H22O11 + conc. H2SO4 12C + 11H2O + H2SO4 b) CuSO4.5H2O + conc. H2SO4 CuSO4 + 5 H2SO4 c) C2H5OH + conc. H2SO4 C2H4 + H2O + H2SO4 ( temp = 170oC) d) 2C2H5OH + conc. H2SO4 C2H5 O C2H5 + H2O + H2SO4 ( temp = 140oC) iii) Conc. H2SO4 as oxidizing agent a) C + Conc. 2H2SO4 CO2 +2 SO2 + 2H2O b) S + Conc.2 H2SO4 3 SO2 + 2H2O c) Cu + conc.2 H2SO4 CuSO4 +2 SO2 + 2H2O III Properties of conc. HNO3 (refer to nitric acid lesson) i) Conc. HNO3 as oxidizing agent a) C + conc. 4HNO3 CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O b) S + Conc.6 HNO3 H2SO4 + 6NO2 +2 H2O c) Cu + Conc. 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O IV properties of conc. HCl (Reducing agent)[ HCl gets oxidized to Cl2 by MnO2] i) Conc. 4HCl + MnO2 MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 V properties of alkalis (refer to ammonia lesson) i) ii) iii) Alkali + ammonium salt NH3 + H2O + salt Alkali + acid salt + water Alkali + certain salt solutions metal hydroxide ppts + salt VI Properties of Ammonia i) Ammonia as a base a) NH3 + HCl NH4Cl b) NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
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