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Chapter 8

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Yogesh
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai
Chemical Engineering

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Unit Objectives After studying this Unit, you will be able to learn the positions of the d and f-block elements in the periodic table; know the electronic configurations of the transition (d-block) and the inner transition (f-block) elements; appreciate the relative stability of various oxidation states in terms of electrode potential values; describe the preparation, properties, structures and uses of some important compounds such as K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4; understand the general characteristics of the d and f block elements and the general horizontal and group trends in them; describe the properties of the f-block elements and give a comparative account of the lanthanoids and actinoids with respect to their electronic configurations, oxidation states and chemical behaviour. 8 The dd - and ffBlock Element s Elements Iron, copper, silver and gold are among the transition elements that have played important roles in the development of human civilisation. The inner transition elements such as Th, Pa and U are proving excellent sources of nuclear energy in modern times. The d-block of the periodic table contains the elements of the groups 3-12 in which the d orbitals are progressively filled in each of the four long periods. The elements constituting the f -block are those in which the 4 f and 5 f orbitals are progressively filled in the latter two long periods; these elements are formal members of group 3 from which they have been taken out to form a separate f-block of the periodic table. The names transition metals and inner transition metals are often used to refer to the elements of d-and f-blocks respectively. There are mainly three series of the transition metals, 3d series (Sc to Zn), 4d series (Y to Cd) and 5d series (La to Hg, omitting Ce to Lu). The fourth 6d series which begins with Ac is still incomplete. The two series of the inner transition metals, (4f and 5f) are known as lanthanoids and actinoids respectively. Strictly speaking, a transition element is defined as the one which has incompletely filled d orbitals in its ground state or in any one of its oxidation states. Zinc, 10 cadmium and mercury of group 12 have full d configuration in their ground state as well as in their common oxidation states and hence, are not regarded as transition metals. However, being the end members of the three transition series, their chemistry is studied along with the chemistry of the transition metals. The presence of partly filled d or f orbitals in their atoms sets the study of the transition elements and

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