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Chapter 1

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Yogesh
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai
Chemical Engineering

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U n i t O b j e c t i v e s After studying this Unit, you will be able to describe general characteristics of solid state; distinguish between amorphous and crystalline solids; classify crystalline solids on the basis of the nature of binding forces; define crystal lattice and unit cell; explain close packing of particles; describe different types of voids and close packed structures; calculate the packing efficiency of different types of cubic unit cells; correlate the density of a substance with its unit cell properties; describe the imperfections in solids and their effect on properties; correlate the electrical and magnetic properties of solids and their structure. 1 The Solid State The vast majority of solid substances like high temperature superconductors, biocompatible plastics, silicon chips, etc. are destined to play an ever expanding role in future development of science. We are mostly surrounded by solids and we use them more often than liquids and gases. For different applications we need solids with widely different properties. These properties depend upon the nature of constituent particles and the binding forces operating between them. Therefore, study of the structure of solids is important. The correlation between structure and properties helps in discovering new solid materials with desired properties like high temperature superconductors, magnetic materials, biodegradable polymers for packaging, biocompliant solids for surgical implants, etc. From our earlier studies, we know that liquids and gases are called fluids because of their ability to flow. The fluidity in both of these states is due to the fact that the molecules are free to move about. On the contrary, the constituent particles in solids have fixed positions and can only oscillate about their mean positions. This explains the rigidity in solids. In crystalline solids, the constituent particles are arranged in regular patterns. In this Unit, we shall discuss different possible arrangements of particles resulting in several types of structures. The correlation between the nature of interactions within the constituent particles and several properties of solids will also be explored. How these properties get modified due to the structural imperfections or by the presence of impurities in minute amounts would also be discussed.

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