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2nd Year Notes 2017 : Physics (Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi )

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Vijay Yadav
Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi

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BLOCK 1 THE SPECIAL THEORY OF A l k r t Einstein (1877-1955) What is it that you think of when you hear or see the word relativity?' m e name of Albert Einstein? Or the equation E = m?? Or a vision of astronauts who return young From their trips to space lasting many y m s ? 774s signifies the enormous intellectual impact (even after almost a hulltired ycars) of what Einstein called his special theory of relativity. The development of this theory is rightly regarded as one of the greatest strides ever made in our way of understanding tlie physical world. And yet the basic concept of relativity is as old as the mechanics of Galileo and Newton. So what did Eistein do to make his name almost synonymous with rklativily? At the beginning of the twentieth century, two great and be;lutiful theories were known in physical sciences -Newtonian mechanics and Maxwell's eleclmdynamics. Both of them gave a unified explanation of countless physical phenomena. These theories were expressed in concise mathematical language within a certain conceptual framework. You have studied both these Uleories in Block 1 of PHE-01 (Elementary Mechanics) and Block 4 of PHE-07 (Electric and Magnetic Phenomena), respectively. You have also learnt of the numerous applications of t h ~ theories. e Both theories have been confirmed many a times; and they have been extraordinarily successful in their predictions. And yet these two theories were conceprually in conmdiction with one mother! What was this conmdiction? Unit 1 of this block explains it as well as the dilemma which occupied the best minds of the time in the physical sciences. How w a s this contmdiction resolved? Its solution was provided by none other than Albert Einstein, He resolved the contradictions as he saw them and formulated a new theory based on two new principles, These two principles led Eistein to a new view of space and time about which you will study in Unit 2. Naturally, a radically new attitude to the notions of space and time resulted in changes in well-established areas of physics. In Unit 3, we shall discuss the new mechanics that replaced Newtonian mechanics as a result of these changes. What we had, in effect, was an Einstcinian revolution. Its impact far exceeds that of the Copernican revolution and has rarely been equalled in thc t~islory of physics. We have tried our be-' to bring to you the beauty and logic of the special theory of.rclativity. We hope that you will appreciate and enjoy studying it as much as we did presenting i t We wish you good luck.

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