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ICSE Class X Board Exam 2026 : History and Civics notes

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Class 10 The Union Parliament Federal set up in India India is a federal system but with a strong unitary bias. It is sometimes considered a quasi-federal system as it has features of both a federal and a unitary system. In India, the power is divided between the Central government and the constituent States. However the Central government is more powerful than the States. Constituents of the Union Parliament/ Union Legislature President, Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha. Lok Sabha Lower House/House of the People. Term 5 years. Can be dissolved before the expiry of its normal term by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister During the proclamation of an emergency the period of the Lok Sabha may be extended by Parliament for one year at a time. The new Lok Sabha must be elected within 6 months after the national emergency is lifted. Composition Maximum strength-550 Members representing States-530 Members representing union territories-20 The allotment of members to the various States is made on a population basis. Qualifications For Membership Should be at least 25 years of age and an Indian citizen. Should have his name in the electoral rolls in some part of the country. Should not hold any office of profit under the government. Should not be an insolvent i.e. Should not be in debt and should have the ability to meet his financial commitments. Should not be a proclaimed criminal or of unsound mind. Parliamentary Procedures Session is a period during which the Parliamentarians (legislators of each house) formally meet to conduct the business of each house Each House shall meet at least twice a year (i.e. minimum number of sessions held in a year2) The interval between the two consecutive sessions shall be less than six months. Generally there are three sessions-the Budget session, the Monsoon session and the Winter session. Quorum-The minimum number of members required to be present in order to enable the house to transact its business. Quorum of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha is one-tenth of the total membership of each house. The speaker may adjourn the house or suspend the meeting until there is a requisite quorum. Question Hour-The first hour on every working day of the Lok Sabha is reserved for questions unless otherwise decided by the speaker (usually starts at 11:00 a.m.). It is intended to keep the functioning of the government open to scrutiny by the members. There are three types of questions Starred Questions-Those to which member wishes to have an oral answer on the floor of the house, indicated by an asterisk mark, supplementary questions may be asked. Unstarred Questions-to which answers are given in a written form, no supplementary questions can be asked Short Notice Questions-on matter of urgent importance, asked with the notice shorter than of ten days. Adjournment Motion-a proposal to lay aside all other business and take up a definite matter of urgent importance. Page 1 No- Confidence motion-a proposal expressing lack of confidence in the ministry. Can be introduced and passed only in Lok Sabha. It is moved by the opposition. If the motion is passed the government has to resign. Speaker of the Lok Sabha Presiding officer of the Lok Sabha Elected from among its own members soon after the newly elected house meets for the first time. Elected for a term of 5 years and can seek re-election any number of times, if elected as a member of the Lok Sabha. Does not vacate his office when the House is dissolved. Stays in office till a new Speaker is elected Functions of the Speaker The Business of the House: Presides over the meetings of the House- speeches and remarks are addressed to the Speaker, allots time for discussion Interprets the rules and procedures of the House and his decision in Parliamentary matters is final. Decides the admissibility of all questions, resolutions and motion of adjournment. Puts the issues to vote and announces the results. Decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. Disciplinary Functions: Maintains order in the House- can ask unruly members to withdraw, may suspend a member in case he/ she disregards the authority of the Chair, can adjourn the House in case of grave disorder. May order that unparliamentary words be expunged from the proceedings of the House. Decides whether there is a case relating to a breach of privilege or contempt of the House. The Speaker decides the question of a member's disqualification under Anti-Defection Law and his decision is final. Administrative Functions: Receives all petitions and documents in the House. Communicates the decisions of the House to the concerned authorities. Regulates the admission of the visitors and the Press correspondents to the galleries of the House. Rajya Sabha Upper house or the Council of States, represents the Federation of states of the Indian Union Composition Maximum strength- 250 members Nominated by the President-12 members (from among persons having special knowledge or practical experience in matter such as literature science, art and social service) Elected-238 members. Seats are allocated on the basis of the population. Election The representatives of each state in the Rajya Sabha are elected by the Elected members of the Legislative Assembly of each respective state in accordance with the system of Proportional Representation by means of a Single Transferable Vote The representatives of the Union Territories are chosen in such a manner as the Parliament may prescribe. Term The Rajya Sabha is a permanent House. It cannot be dissolved. Each member of the Rajya Sabha is elected for a period of six years. One-third of the total members of the House retire after every 2 years. Members can be re-elected. Qualification He/She should be at least 30 years of age and an Indian citizen. Should have his/her name in the electoral rolls in some part of the country. Should not hold any office of profit under the government. Should not be an insolvent i.e., should not be in debt and should have the ability to meet his/her financial commitments. Page 2 Should not be a proclaimed criminal or of unsound mind. Presiding Officers Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. A Deputy Chairman is elected from among its members. Powers and Functions of the Parliament Legislative Powers The Parliament is competent to make laws on: Matters in the Union List-Has exclusive powers to make laws on all subjects mentioned in the Union List like Defence, Foreign Affairs etc. Matters in the Concurrent List-Can make laws on the subjects listed in the Concurrent List like education, forests etc. If there is a conflict between the Union Parliament and State Legislature, Union law will prevail. Residuary Powers-Can make laws with respect to all those matters which are not mentioned in any of the three Lists- The Union List, the State List and the Concurrent List. Ordinances-All ordinances promulgated by the President must be put up before both the Houses for their approval. The ordinances cease to operate after six weeks from the re-assembly of Parliament, unless they are approved by the Houses. Powers during Emergency-During emergency due to breakdown of Constitutional machinery in the State, the Parliament becomes a legislature in the State concerned and assumes all powers, including the financial powers of passing the State budget. Matters in the State List-Can legislate even on subjects mentioned in the State List under the following conditions During proclamation of an Emergency. When Rajya Sabha by 2/3rd majority passes a resolution that the subject has assumed national importance. When two or more States are of the opinion that the Parliament should legislate on a subject given in the State List, the Parliament may make an act on the Subject but that would be applicable only to the consenting States. Financial Powers The Budget-The Parliament passes the Union Budget containing the estimates of receipts and expenditures of the Government for a financial year Supplementary Grants-The Government can make a fresh demand if the amount authorised for the current financial year is not sufficient. Vote on Account-authorises the Executive to draw funds from the Consolidated Fund until the Budget is passed by the Parliament. Salaries- The salaries and allowances of MPs and Ministers are determined by the Parliament. Permission for Taxes-No tax can be imposed or money spent by the government without the approval of the Parliament. Judicial Powers Impeachment of the President-The Parliament has the right to remove the President from office through impeachment in case of violation of the Constitution or grave misconduct. Either House may frame charges and remove the President if a resolution is passed by a two-third majority of total membership of the House and by the majority of members present and voting. Removal of judges etc-The Parliament can remove the judges of the Supreme Court, High Courts, the Chief Election Commissioner and the Comptroller and Auditor General of India if they are found guilty of violating provisions of the Constitution. Punishment-The Parliament can punish a person for obstructing the work of the Parliament and showing disrespect to the House. Electoral functions The elected Members of Parliament(MPs) along with the elected Members of State Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) elect the President of India. Both Houses of Parliament elect the Vice-President of India. Page 3 The Lok Sabha elects the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker and the Rajya Sabha elects its Deputy Chairman. Amendment of the Constitution Both Houses of Parliament can amend the Constitution. The amendment must be passed by each House by a majority of total membership and by a two-third majority of members present and voting. In some cases the amendment requires the ratification or approval of half of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. Control over Executive/ Executive Powers Interpellation-The Question Hour, Calling Attention Notices and half an Hour Discussion to question and seek information from the government about its policies and performance, to obtain information on a matter of public importance or highlight the grievances. Vote of No-Confidence- If passed can vote the Government out of office if it acts against the Constitutional provisions. The whole ministry has to resign. Adjournment Motion-aims at censuring the acts of omission and commission of the Ministers. Other Motions of Censure-include motions of censure against a minister, rejection of a Government Bill, passing of a private member's bill against the wishes of the Government. These if passed amounts to vote of no confidence. Monetary Controls-During the budget session a cut motion may be moved. Parliamentary Committee on Public Accounts ensures that Public money is spent in accordance with Parliament's decision. It examines reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha-Equal Powers The Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha have equal powers in following matters: Impeachment of the President, removal of judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, removal of the Vice-President. Constitutional Amendments. Presidential Ordinance. Proclamation of Emergency. Absolutely equal powers: Impeachment of the President of India Removal of the Chief Justice, judges of the Supreme Court and High Court. Exclusive Powers of the Lok Sabha (Why is the Lok Sabha more powerful than the Rajya Sabha?) Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. Motions of No-confidence against the government can only be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. In case of a deadlock between the two houses over an ordinary bill, the will of the Lok Sabha normally prevails, as its strength is more than double that of the Rajya Sabha. Limitation-Lok Sabha The Lok Sabha can be dissolved. Exclusive Powers of the Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha may, by a resolution adopted by two-thirds majority empower the Parliament to make laws with respect to a matter in the State List. It may declare the creation of new All India Services be made in the national interest. If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a National Emergency, the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole de facto and the de jure Parliament i.e., it takes over the functions of the Parliament. It cannot be dissolved. Page 4

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