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ICSE A collection Poems and Short stories guide

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Sharath K
Jubilee International Public School, Bangalore

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Wher eTheMi ndi sWi t hout Fear . I . ( i )Thewor ds mi ndi swi t houtf ear meant hatonedoesnothav e anyf earofoppr essi onorcompul si on.Thepoeti st al ki ngabout t hemi ndsoft hepeopl eofhi scount r y .Hesay ssobecausehi s count r ywasundert hesubj ugat i onoft heBr i t i sh, whoper pet r at ed al lsor t sofoppr essi ononhi scount r y men. ( i i )Thewor ds t heheadi shel dhi gh meant ohav esel fr espect .The headi sboweddownbecauseofexpl oi t at i onandoppr essi onof t heI ndi ansbyt heBr i t i sh.I tneedst obehel dhi ghwi t hpr i de anddi gni t ywhi chchar act er i sedt heI ndi ansbef or eI ndi awas r educedt ot hest at usofasubj ugat ednat i on. ( i i i )Byt hewor ds Wher eknowl edgei sf r ee , t hepoetwant st osay t hati nhi scount r yev er y oneshoul dhav et hef r eedom t oacqui r e knowl edgewi t houtanyr est r i ct i on.Ther est r i ct i onsi mposedon t hespr eadofknowl edgei ncl udet hepr ej udi cesbasedonweal t h, cast eandr el i gi on.Fur t her , t heBr i t i shi mposedr est r i ct i onson t hebasi soft her ul er( t heBr i t i sh)andt her ul ed( t heI ndi ans) . Theycur bedt hef r eedom ofspeechandexpr essi onbyput t i ng r est r i ct i onsont hePr ess. ( i v )Duet ot her est r i ct i onsi mposedont hespr eadofknowl edge, peopl er emai nedgl uedt ot hei rout dat edcust omsandt r adi t i ons andcoul dnott hi nkr at i onal l y . ( v )Asonneti sapoem off our t eenl i nesdi v i dedi nt oanoct av e( t he f i r stei ghtl i nes)andasest et( t hel astsi xl i nes) .Theoct av e pr esent sani dea, r ai sesanar gument , makesapr oposi t i onor posesapr obl em, wher east hesest etgi v esasol ut i ont ot he pr obl em posedbyt heoct av e. Thepoem Wher et heMi ndi sWi t houtFear compr i sesanoct av e, i n whi cht hepoett al ksaboutt hewonder f ul qual i t i eshi scount r y men mustachi ev et omaket hei rcount r yf r eeandheav enl i ke.Si nce t hi spoem i sonl yapar toft hecompl et esongi nhi sNobelPr i ze wi nni ngwor k, Gi t anj al i , wecansayt hatt hi spoem i sapar tof t hecompl et esonnet . I I . ( i )Accor di ngt ot hepoet , t henar r owdomest i cwal l sordi v i si ons basedoncast e, cl ass, col our , r el i gi on, cr eed, r egi onand super st i t i onsbr eakupt hewor l di nt of r agment sormut ual l y excl usi v ecompar t ment s. ( i i )Thenar r owdomest i cwal l sr ef ert onar r owl ocaldi v i si onscr eat ed bypr ej udi cesl i kecast e, col our , cr eed, r egi onandr el i gi on.They ar ecal l ed nar r ow byt hepoetbecauset heyar ebasedonageol d cust omsandt r adi t i onsandnotont hebasi sofr at i onal t hi nki ng. ( i i i )Thenar r owdomest i cwal l scanhar mt henat i onbycr eat i ng di v i si onsamongpeopl eandt her eby , under mi ni ngt heuni t yand i nt egr i t yoft henat i on. ( i v )Thepoetwant st osayt hathi scount r y menshoul dbeabl e t oexpr esst hemsel v est r ut hf ul l ywi t houtanyf ear .Hef eel sso becausehi scount r y menatt hatt i medi dnothav ef r eedom of expr essi onasv ar i ousr est r i ct i onswer ei mposedont hef r eedom ofspeechandt hePr essbyt heBr i t i sh. ( v )Exampl esofal l i t er at i onar e: ( a)Wher et hewor l d ( b)Wher ewor ds ( v i )Thepoetshowst hathehasar el i gi ousout l ookbypr ay i ngt o Godt ol ethi scount r yawaket oabl i ssf ul heav enoff r eedom. I I I . ( i ) Ti r el essst r i v i ng meanst owor khar dwi t houtget t i ngt i r edt o achi ev eper f ect i on.Thepoetwant shi scount r y ment oachi ev e t hehi ghestgoal s, i . e. , f r eedom atal ll ev el s pol i t i cal , r el i gi ous, spi r i t ual , mor alandi nt el l ect ual . ( i i )Reasoni ngal l owsaper sont ohav ecl ar i t yoft hought swi t hout bei ngr est r i ct edbynar r owdomest i cwal l ssuchascast e, col our , cr eed, r el i gi on, r egi onandsuper st i t i ons.Thati swhyi thasbeen compar edt oacl earst r eam whi chi sf r eeofal li mpur i t i es. ( i i i ) Dr ear ydeser tsandofdeadhabi t i samet aphor .Thr ought hi s met aphort hepoetwant st osayt hathi scount r y menshoul d wor kf orper f ect i oni nev er y t hi ngandshoul dnotbel edast r ay f r om t hei rgoali nt hedr ydeser tofdeadhabi t s, i . e. , i napl ace wher eout dat edcust omsandt r adi t i onsar ef ol l owed. ( i v )Accor di ngt ot hepoet , t hehur dl esi nachi ev i ngper f ect i oni ncl ude t heout dat edcust omsandt r adi t i onsbasedoni r r at i onalt hi nki ng r at hert hansoundr easoni ngandsci ent i f i ct hought . ( v )Thef i gur eofspeechi nt het hi r dl i neoft hegi v enext r acti sa met aphor .Forexpl anat i onr ef ert oanswer( i i i )abov e. ( v i )Thi spoem byRabi ndr anat hTagor ei st akenf r om hi sor i gi nal v ol umecal l edNai bedy a, whi chbear st het i t l e Pr ar t hana , i . e. , pr ay er .I nt hi spoem, t hepoetpr ay st oauni v er salf at her f i gur e, i . e. , Godt ol ethi scount r yawaket oabl i ssf ul heav enoff r eedom. Thus, t hepoem i sasongofpr ay er . I V. ( i ) Thee r ef er st oGod. ( i i )Themi ndoft hepoet scount r y meni st obel edf or war dt ot he heav enoff r eedom , i . e. , t oani dealst at ewher et her ei st ot al f r eedom atal ll ev el s pol i t i cal , r el i gi ous, spi r i t ual , mor aland i nt el l ect ual . ( i i i )Thephr ase Heav enoff r eedom meansani dealst at e, wher et he poetwant st heAl mi ght yt ol eadhi scount r y ment o.Thet hr ee qual i t i esr equi r edt obeabl et oat t ai nt heheav enoff r eedom i ncl ude: ( a)t her ei snooppr essi onandpeopl ecanhol dt hei rheadshi gh i nsel f r espect . ( b)t her ear enopr ej udi cesbasedoncast e, col our , cr eed, r el i gi on, r egi onandsuper st i t i ons. ( c)peopl eshoul dwor kt i r el essl yt oat t ai nper f ect i oni nev er y t hi ng byf ol l owi ngsci ent i f i ct houghtandr at i onalt hi nki ng, wi t hout bei ngl edt of ol l owobsol et et r adi t i onsandcust oms. ( i v ) Fat her i nt heabov eext r acti sar ef er encef orGod.Hewi l lawake t hecount r ybyl eadi ngt hepoet scount r y ment oaheav enl yst at e wher et her ear eal lki ndsoff r eedom andwher et heycanhol d t hei rheadshi ghi nsel f r espect , wi t houtanyf earofoppr essi on orcompul si on. ( v )Thepoetpr ay sf orhi scount r yt oat t ai nal lki ndsoff r eedom pol i t i cal , r el i gi ous, spi r i t ual , mor alandi nt el l ect ual .Andonl y t heni twi l lat t ai nt hebl i ssf ulheav enoff r eedom, ani dealst at e wher ehi scount r y menwoul dbeabl et ohol dt hei rheadshi ghi n sel f r espect , wi l lnothav eabl ur r edv i si onbasedonpr ej udi ces andwor kt i r el essl yt oat t ai nper f ect i oni nev er yspher eofl i f e. TheI nchcapeRock. I . ( i )TheI nchcaper ocki sr ef er r edt oi nt heext r act .Ther ockl ay hi ddeni nt heseaof ft heeastcoastofScot l and.I tsomet i mes r emai nedhi ddenunderseawat erdur i ngt hehi ght i de. ( i i )Thewor ds sur ge sswel l meant heseawav esmov edupand downandr osehi ghduet ot hei nf l uenceoft i des.Thewar ni ng bel l r ef er st ot hebel l pl acedont heI nchcaper ockbyt heAbbot ofAber br ot hok, t ogi v eawar ni ngt ot hesai l or saboutt hedanger f r om t her ock.Thewar ni ngbel l waspl acedonabuoyanddur i ng hi ght i dest hemov ementofwav esmadet hebuoyt of l oatand i nt ur nr angt hebel l andwar nedt hesai l or s. ( i i i )TheRockwassai dt obeper i l ousbecausemanyshi pshadbeen wr eckedbyi twheni tr emai nedcov er edbyseawat erdur i ng ahi ght i de.Si rRal ph sshi pst r uckagai nstt heI nchcapeRock anddr ownedi nt hesea. ( i v )TheHeadmonkofamonast er yorchur chi sknownasan Abbot .Themar i ner sbl essedt heAbbotAber br ot hokbecause hepl acedabel l ont heI nchcapeRock, whi chgav eawar ni ng t ot hemar i ner saboutt heper i l ousr ockandt hus, sav edt hem andt hei rshi psf r om dr owni ng. ( v )Abal l adi sal ongnar r at i v epoem t hatt el l sast or y .I ti sa hei ght enednar r at i ont hatusesnar r at i v et echni quel i ker hy me andf i gur esofspeech.Thet woel ement sofbal l adi nt hegi v en ext r actar et hef ol l owi ng: ( a)Ther hy mi ngpat t er nf ol l owedi nt hi sext r acti saabb( Swel l Bel l ; RockAber br ot hok) . ( b)Ther ei sar epet i t i onofconsonantsoundatt hebegi nni ng ofwor ds( al l i t er at i on)t of aci l i t at enar r at i on: 1.. . . . .sur ge sswel l 2.. . . . .t hent hey I I . ( i )Si rRal phwasar ov eroraseapi r at e.Hewasawi ckedand j eal ousman. ( i i )Thepl easantdayi nt hespr i ngseasonmadet heRov ersi ng.But t her eal r easonwast hati nasuchcal m at mospher ehewoul d beabl et ocar r youthi swi ckedpl anofdef ami ngt heAbbotof Aber br ot hokbycut t i ngof ft hebel l f r om t heI nchcapeRockand t her eby , l oott heweal t hf r om t heshi pwr ecks. Thegi v enl i nesmeant hatt heRov er shear twasext r emel yj oy f ul buthi sj oywasduet ohi swi ckedpl an. ( i i i )TheRov ersawt hebuoyoft heI nchcapeRockl i keadar kspeck ont hegr eenocean.Heaskedhi ssai l or st ol owert heboatand r owhi mt ot heI nchcapeRock. ( i v )TheRov erwant edt ogoneart heI nchcapeRockt ocutof ft he war ni ngbel l t ospoi l t hef ameandr eput at i onoft heAbbotof Aber br ot hok, whohaspl acedt hebel l t her eandt ol oott he weal t hf r om t heshi pwr ecks. ( v )TheRov erwasi naj oy f ul moodi nt heext r act .Hi sj oy f ul mood i sr ef l ect edi nt heext r actbyhi sactofwhi st l i ngandsi ngi ng.At t heendoft hepoem, t heRov erwasi namoodofdespai rand f r ust r at i on. I I I . ( i )Theboat menr owedt heboatt ot heI nchcapeRock. ( i i )TheRov ercutof ft hebel l f r om t heI nchcapeRock.Hedi dso outofj eal ousyandsel f i nt er est .Hewant edt ospoi l t hef ame andr eput at i onoft heAbbotofAber br ot hok, whohaspl aced t hebel l t her e.I twoul dal soal l owhi mt oeasi l yl oott heweal t h f r om t heshi pwr ecks, causedbyt heI nchcapeRock. ( i i i )TheRov er sactofcut t i ngt hebel l f r om t heI nchcapeRockl edt o t hecol l i si onofhi sshi pwi t ht her ockandf i nal l y , t hedr owni ng oft heshi pwi t ht heRov er . ( i v )Af t erper f or mi ngt hewi ckeddeedofcut t i ngt hebel l f r om I nchcape Rock, t heRov ersai dt hatf r om t henonwar dst hemar i ner swho usedt ot hankt heAbbotwoul dnol ongert hankhi m. ( v )TheAbbotofAber br ot hokhadkeptt hebel l t her e.Thebel l was pl acedont hef l oatbecauset hemov ementoft hef l oatdur i ng t hehi ght i dewoul dmaket hebel l r i ngandwar nt hesai l or sof t hedangerf r om t her ock. ( v i )Thesai l or s, passi ngbyear l i er , bl essedt heAbbotofAber br ot hok f orpl aci ngt hewar ni ngbel l ont heI nchcapeRockandt her eby , sav i ngt hem f r om t heper i l ousr ock. I V. ( i )TheRov ersai l edawayf r om t heI nchcapeRock.Hebecamer i ch byl oot i ngt heweal t hf r om t heshi pst hatst r uckagai nstt he I nchcapeRock. ( i i )Af t eramassi ngweal t h, t heRov erwassai l i ngt owar dst heshor e ofScot l and. ( i i i )Whent heRov erwassai l i ng, t her ewasat hi ckhazeov ert he at mospher eandnosuni nt hesky .Ther ewer est r ongwi nds anddar knessal l ar ound.Theweat hercondi t i onspr edi ct edt hat f i nal l yt heRov erwoul dmeethi sendi nt hesea. ( i v )TheRov erwasawi ckedmanwhowasj eal ousoft hef ameand r eput at i onoft heAbbotofAber br ot hok.Thati swhyhecar r i edout hi swi ckedpl anofcut t i ngof ft hewar ni ngbel l ont heI nchcape Rock, pl acedt her ebyt heAbbot .Hewasar obberwhobecame r i chbyl oot i ngt heweal t hf r om t heshi pwr ecks. ( v )TheAbbotwasaki ndandcompassi onat eman, whopl aceda war ni ngbel l ont heI nchcapeRockt of or ewar nt hesai l or sabout t hedangert ot hei rshi psf r om t heper i l ousr ock.TheRov er , on t heot herhand, wasaj eal ousandwi ckedman, whocutof ft he war ni ngbel l ont heI nchcapeRockt odef amet heAbbotandt o l oott heweal t hf r om t heshi pwr ecks. V. ( i )Whent heRov erandhi ssai l or swer egoi ngt owar dst heshor e ofScot l and, t heweat herwasbad, wi t hat hi ckhazeov ert he at mospher e, noSuni nt heskyandst r ongwi nds. ( i i )Thewor ds t hebr eaker sr oar meant her oar i ngoft hesea wav es, i . e. , t hesoundmadewhent heseawav esbr eakont he shor e.Thebr eaker sr oarnor mal l ysi gni f yahi ght i dewhent he seawav essur geupanddownwi t hagr eatf or ce. ( i i i )Thesai l or swi shedt hatt heycoul dheart heI nchcapeRock.The r i ngi ngoft hebel l woul dhav ei ndi cat edt hepr esenceoft he per i l ousr ockandt hussav edt heshi pf r om col l i di ngwi t hi t . ( i v )Thesai l or scoul dnotseeanyl andont hewayt oScot l and s shor ebecauseofbadweat her .Ther ewasat hi ckhazei nt he at mospher eandt ot al dar knessi nt heabsenceoft heSuni nt he sky .Si rRal phwasopt i mi st i ct hatt heweat herwoul di mpr ov e byni ghtwhent hemoonwoul dr i sei nt hesky . ( v )I nt heabsenceoft heI nchcapeBel l , nowar ni ngsoundwashear d byt hesai l or sandt hev essel st r uckagai nstt heI nchcapeRock. VI . ( i )Theycoul dnothearanysoundduet ot heabsenceoft hewar ni ng bel l ont heI nchcapeRock, whi cht heRov erhadcutof f .I ft he sai l or shadhear dt henor mal expect edsoundoft hewar ni ng bel l f r om t heI nchcapeRock, t heywoul dhav esav edt heshi p f r om st r i ki ngagai nstt her ock. ( i i ) ( a)t heswel l i sst r ong: t her ear est r ongwav esi nt hesea. ( b)Theydr i f t edal ong: Theymov edsl owl yt owar dst heshor e. ( i i i )Thev essel st r uckagai nstt heI nchcapeRock.I twasashi v er i ng shockbecauset heshi pcol l i dedwi t ht her ockandt hewav es f r om al l si desbegant oengul fi t . ( i v )Si rRal phwasi nast at eofdespai randshockwhenher eal i sed t hathi sshi phadst r uckagai nstt heI nchcapeRock.I nhi s f r ust r at i on, hepul l edhi shai randcur sedhi msel f .Si rRal ph s shi pst r uckt hev er yr ockf r om whi chhehadr emov edt hewar ni ng bel l andsanki nt hesea. ( v )Si rRal phwasaseapi r at e.Hewasawi ckedandj eal ousman. Heusedt ol ootweal t hf r om t heshi pst hatf at al l ycr ashedagai nst t heI nchcapeRock.Butwhent heAbbotofAber br ot hokpl aced awar ni ngbel l , hecutof ft hebel l t odef amet hegoodAbbot andputt heot herhel pl esssai l or si nt ot r oubl e.Howev er , hegot caughti nhi sownt r apofmi schi efwhenhi sshi pst r uckagai nst t heI nchcapeRockandsanki nt heseaal ongwi t hhi m. ( v i )Themor al conv ey edt hr ought hi spoem i s Asy ousow, soshal l y our eap.TheRov ercutof ft hebel l f r om t heI nchcapeRock, buthi sownshi pst r uckagai nstt hev er yRockbecauseoft he absenceofanywar ni ngsoundandsanki nt hesea. VI I .( i )TheRov ercoul dheart hesoundofhi ssi nki ngshi p, whi ch seemedt ohi ml i ket hesoundmadebyt heI nchcapeBel l .The soundwasdr eadf ul becauset her ewasnochanceofsur v i v i ng t heshi pwr eck. ( i i )Thesoundoft heI nchcapeBel l wasaf or ewar ni ngoft hedanger f r om t heper i l ousr ockt ot hesai l or sandwast husl i f esav i ng. Thedr eadf ul sound, ont heot herhandwast hatoft hesi nki ng shi pt hatsi gnal l edt heendofSi rRal ph.Ther ef or e, i tappear ed t obel i keaf uner al bel l bei ngr unbyt heDev i l hi msel f . ( i i i )TheDev i l bel owwasr i ngi nghi sknel l meant hatt hesoundwhi ch Si rRal phwashear i ngappear edt ohi ml i ket hesoundoft he I nchcapebel l .Butact ual l yt hesoundwast hatoft hesi nki ngshi p. ( i v )Si rRal ph, t heRov ercutof ft hewar ni ngbel l , whi cht heAbbotof Aber br ot hokhadpl ant edont heI nchcapeRockasaf or ewar ni ng t ot hesai l or s.ButSi rRal ph sownshi pst r uckagai nstt hev er y r ockduet ot heabsenceofanyf or ewar ni ngsoundanddr owned i nt heseawi t hSi rRal ph.Thus, t heev i l t hatSi rRal phpl ot t ed f ort heAbbotandt heot hersai l or s, r ecoi l edonhi m. ( v )TheI nchcapeRocki sabal l adcompr i si ngadv ent ur e, v al ourand j eal ousy .Si rRal ph, t hepi r at e, wentonanadv ent ur et r i pon t heseawi t hhi ssai l or s.Hehadt hev al ourt ot aket her i skof cut t i ngof ft hebel l f r om t heI nchcapeRock, whi cht heAbbotof Aber br ot hokhadpl acedt her et owar nt hesai l or s.Hedi dt hi s wi ckedactoutofj eal ousyashecoul dnotacceptt hepopul ar i t y oft hegoodAbbotandwant edt odef amehi m.Heal sodi dso becauseofsel f i shmot i v easheusedt omakeweal t hbyl oot i ng moneyf r om t heshi pst hatcr ashedaf t erst r i ki ngagai nstt he. I nt heBazaar sofHy der abad. I . ( i )Themer chant sar ei nt hebazaar sofHy der abad.Theyar esel l i ng t hei rgoodsi nt hemar ket .Thewor ds Ri chl ydi spl ay ed mean t hatt hegoodst obesol di nt hemar kethav ebeenbeaut i f ul l y di spl ay edbyt hemer chant st oat t r actt hebuy er s. ( i i )Thegoodsonsal ei nt hi smar keti ncl udedcr i msonandsi l v er t ur bans, pur pl ebr ocadet uni cs, mi r r or sf r amedi nbr owni sh y el l owcol ouranddagger swi t hhandl esofj ade. ( i i i )Thepoetbegi nst hest anzawi t haquest i ont oel i ci tananswer f r om t hev endor saboutt hegoodst heyar esel l i ng.Thi spat t er n ofquest i onansweri susedt obr i ngoutt hespl endouroft he t r adi t i onal bazaar sofHy der abad.Thepoethasusedr epet i t i on aswel l asl y r i csf ul l ofv i br antandcol our f ul i magest odescr i be t hescene. ( i v ) ( a)Mi r r or swi t hpanel sofambermeant hemi r r or shav i ngf r ames ofbr owni shandy el l owcol our . ( b)Scabbar dsofgol df ort heki ngmeansheat hsofgol df ort he Ki ngt okeephi sswor dsi n. ( v )TheKi ngandhi snobl esar et hel i kel ycust omer soft uni csof pur pl ebr ocadeanddagger swi t hhandl esofj ade. ( v i )Thev i sual i mager yi sst i mul at edbyment i oni ngt hev ar i oushues ofcol our si nt hi sst anzal i kesi l v er , cr i mson, pur pl e, amberand j ade. I I . ( i )Chessmenar et hepi ecesdepl oy edonachessboar df orpl ay i ng t hegameofchess.I v or ydi cer ef er st osmal l cubesmadeofi v or y , hav i ngsi xsi desnumber edbydot sf r om onet osi x.Thesear e usedt opl aygames. ( i i )Saf f r on, l ent i l , r i ce, sandal wood, hennaandspi cesar esol dby wei ght , wher easchessmenandi v or ydi cear esol dbynumber s. ( i i i )Thesel l er sofv ar i ousgoodsi nt hebazaar sofHy der abadar er ef er r ed t oasv endor sandmer chant s.Thesel l er s, whogoaboutf r om pl acet opl acewi t ht hei rgoodsf orsal ear ecal l edt hepedl ar s. ( i v )Foodi t emsi ncl udedsaf f r on, l ent i l andr i ce.Cosmet i ci t ems i ncl udedsandal woodandhennaandt her ecr eat i onal i t ems i ncl udedchessmenandi v or ydi ce. ( v )Thesensesofsi ghtar est i mul at edi nt hi sext r actbyt hev ar i ous col our soft hei t emsl i kesaf f r on, l ent i l , r i ce, sandal wood, henna andv ar i ousspi ces.Thesenseoft ast ei spr oducedbyt hement i on ofst apl eI ndi anf oodl i kel ent i l andr i ceandspi ces. I I I . ( i )Thej ewel l er sshopi sr ef er r edt oi nt heext r act . Gi r dl esofgol d meanor nament al bel tmadeofgol dwor nr oundt hewai stby t hedancer s. Scabbar dsofgol d r ef ert ot hesheat hsofgol df or t heki ngt okeephi sswor dsi n. ( i i )Thei t emsofgol donsal ei ncl udedor nament sl i kewr i st l et s, ankl et s, r i ngs, bel t sofgol dwor nbyt hedancer sandsheat hsf or swor dsusedbyt heki ngs.Thegol dj ewel l er yr ev eal st hatbot h t heowner sandt hebuy er sbel ongedt ot heweal t hysect i onsof t hesoci et y . ( i i i )Bel l swer et i edt ot hef eetofbl uepi geonsasor nament saswel l asi dent i t ymar ks.Sheat hsofgol dwer eusedbyt heki ngs, gi r dl es( bel t s)wer eusedbydancer sandwr i st l et s, ankl et sand r i ngswer eusedbyot herpeopl e. ( i v ) Fr ai l asadr agonf l y swi ng meansasdel i cat east hewi ngs ofadr agonf l y .Fr ai l i sanaptdescr i pt i onf ordescr i bi ngt he del i cat enessoft hebel l st i edt ot hef eetofbl uepi geons. ( v )Thepoethasdescr i bedt heI ndi angoodsatt heI ndi anbazaar s f ort wor easons: ( a)t odepi ctt hespl endourofI ndi anbazaar swhi chbeckont he cust omer swi t ht hei rsounds, scent sandgoods. ( b)t oext ol l t heI ndi anst obuySwadeshi goodsandboy cot t f or ei gngoods. I V. ( i )Thef r ui t si ncl udedl emons, pomegr anat esandpl ums, wher eas t hemusi cal i nst r ument si ncl udedsi t ar , sar angi anddr um. ( i i )Thepoetaskst hemusi ci answhatmusi cal i nst r ument st heyar e pl ay i ngandaskst hemagi ci answhatt heyar echant i ng. ( i i i )Spel l sf oraeonst ocomemeant hemagi cal spel l susedbyt he magi ci anst ochar m ev er y onet i l l et er ni t ywi t ht hei rchant i ng. ( i v )Thewhol epoem i sI ndi ani ncont extandpr esent at i onasi t depi ct st hebeaut yandv i br anceofat r adi t i onal I ndi anbazaar . Thel andscape, t hechar act er s, t hei magesandt hebackgr ound i st y pi cal l yI ndi an suchas: ( a)t hement i onofdr esseswor nbyI ndi anssuchast ur bans andt uni cs. ( b)t hegol dor nament swor nbyI ndi ansl i kewr i st l et s, ankl et s, r i ngsandgi r dl es. ( c)t hemusi cal i nst r ument spl ay edbyI ndi ansl i kesi t ar , sar angi anddr ums. ( d)t hef oodi t emsl i kel ent i l andr i ceandspi cesandf r ui t sl i ke l emons, pomegr anat esandpl ums. ( e)t heuseoff r eshf l ower sonbot hhappyandsadoccasi ons. ( v )Themagi ci ansar epr esenti nt hebazaarf orchant i ngmagi cal spel l st ochar mt hecust omer s. ( v i )Thepanor ami cv i ewoft heI ndi anbaz aar spr esent edi nt hepoem wi t hi t shuesofcol our , sounds, smel l sandsi ght shasappeal ed t omet hemostbecausei tgi v esagl i mpseoft heI ndi ancul t ur e, soci et yandpr osper i t y . V. ( i )Thepoethashi ghl i ght edt heoccupat i onofsi mpl ef ol ksi nI ndi a l i ket hemer chant s, pedl ar s, v endor s, f r ui tsel l er s, gol dsmi t hs, musi ci ans, magi ci ansandf l owergi r l s. ( i i )Thef l ower sar eusedonhappyoccasi onsl i keweddi ngf ormaki ng gar l andsf ort hebr i degr oom andt odecor at ehi snupt i al bed. Thef l ower sar eusedonsadoccasi onssuchasdeat ht opay t hel astr espect sbypl aci ngf l ower sont hedeadbodi esort he gr av es. ( i i i )Cr owns, chapl et sandgar l andswer eusedf ormaki nggar l ands f ort hebr i degr oom andf ordecor at i nghi snupt i al bed. ( i v ) Tassel sofazur eandr ed meanor nament al t hr eadsofsky bl ue andr edcol ourt i edatoneendt omakegar l andsandnupt i al bedsf ort hebr i degr oom. ( v ) Toper f umet hesl eepoft hedead meant opl acesheet sof f r eshl ygat her edf l ower sont hedeadbodi esoront hegr av es, whi chgi v epl easantsmel l . Smal lPai ni nMyChest . I . ( i )Thesol di erboywassi t t i ngunder neat hat r eedur i ngt hewar becausehewasf at al l ywoundedandcoul dnotgetup. ( i i )Thesol di erwassi t t i ngcal ml ybecausehewasf at al l yi nj ur ed dur i ngt hewar , wast hi r st yandcoul dnotgetanyhel pf r om any bodyar ound. ( i i i )Thesol di eraskedt henar r at ort ocomenearhi m becausehe wast hi r st yandneededasi pofwat er . ( i v )Thebat t l ehadbeenl ongandhar dcanbedi scer nedf r om t he deepcr at er si nt heear t handt henumberofdeadbodi esoft he sol di er s, whi cht henar r at orcoul dseel y i ngal l ar ound. ( v )I nt heabov eext r act , t hepoetwant st oconv eyt hehor r or sofwar andt heagonyoft hesol di er s, whof i ghti toutont hebat t l ef i el d. I I . ( i )Thenar r at orhasbeenr ef er r edt obyt hesol di eras Si r .Hewas ont hebat t l ef i el datt hatt i me. ( i i )Thesol di er , accor di ngt ot henar r at or , smi l edasbesthecoul d t ohi dehi spai nandsuf f er i ngf r om hi m.I tshowst hespi r i tof asol di er , whogi v esuphi sl i f ef orhi scount r y , wi t hasmi l eon hi sf ace. ( i i i )Thesol di erwant ed Asi pofwat er becausehewast hi r st yand f at i guedf orhehadf oughtal ongandt oughbat t l et hr oughout t heni ghtandwasf at al l ywounded. ( i v )Thesol di ercoul dnott akeanyr estbecausehehadbeenf i ght i ng cont i nuousl ydayandni ghtagai nstt heenemy .I tt el l susabout t hehor r or sofwarandpai nandsuf f er i ngt hesol di er shadt o endur eont hebat t l ef i el d. ( v )Thesol di erwashav i ngapai ni nhi schestbecauseoft hewound hehadsust ai neddur i ngt hef i ghtont hebat t l ef i el d.Bei nga t r uesol di er , whoconsi der sev er y t hi ngsmal l ert hanhi sdut y f orhi scount r y , t hesol di ercal l edi tas smal l pai n .Fur t her , i ncompar i sont ot hesol di er s, whohadr ecei v edl ar gerwounds andhadsuccumbedt ot hei ri nj ur i esont hebat t l ef i el d, hi swas asmal l pai n. I I I . ( i )Thel ar gest ai nont hesol di er sshi r twascausedbyawound her ecei v edwhi l ef i ght i ngont hebat t l ef i el d. ( i i ) war m bl oodmi xedi nwi t hAsi andi r t r ef er st ot hebl oodoozi ng outf r om t hewoundsoft hesol di erandmi xi ngwi t ht hedi r tof t heAsi ansoi l ast hewarwasbei ngf oughti nAsi a. ( i i i )Bysay i ng Notmuch , t hesol di erwant edt osayt hathi swound wasnot hi ngi ncompar i sont ot hewoundssuf f er edbyhi sf el l ow sol di er s, whosuccumbedt ot hei ri nj ur i es.Hesai dsobecause hewasst i l l al i v e. ( i v )Thesol di erconsi der edhi msel fmor el uckyt hanhi sf el l owsol di er s becauset heydi edoft hei nj ur i essust ai neddur i ngt hewar , whi l e hewasst i l l al i v e. I V. ( i )Thesol di erwasf eel i ngweakandsai dt hathi sweaknessmust beduet of at i gue.Hi sf at i guewascausedbyf i ght i ngdayand ni ghtont hebat t l ef i el d. ( i i )Thesol di ersmi l edweakl ybecausehehadsust ai nedf at al wounds andwasi npai n.I tshowst hatt hought hesol di erwasi npai n, hewast r y i ngt ohi dehi ssuf f er i ngi nt het r uespi r i tofasol di er . ( i i i )Thesol di erf el tt hathewasget t i ngol dbecausehef oundhi msel f weakandf at i guedaf t erbat t l i ngi toutont hewar f r ont . ( i v )Thesol di erf el tcol ddespi t et heshi ni ngsunbecauset hel i ght ofhi sl i f ewasf adi ng, i . e. , hewasaboutt odi eduet ot hef at al woundst hathehadr ecei v edont hebat t l ef i el d. ( v ) Theni ghtexpl oded meanst hatanexpl osi ont ookpl aceatni ght . Asar esul toft heexpl osi ont hesol di ergotf at al woundsonhi s body , wher easanumberofhi sf el l owsol di er sdi edbecauseof t hei nj ur i essust ai neddur i ngt heexpl osi on. V. ( i )Thenar r at ordescr i bedt hesol di er ssmi l east hebr i ght estt hat hehasev erseenbecauset hesol di erwant edt oexpr esshi s gr at i t udet ot henar r at orf orpr ov i di ngwat ert ohi m aswel l as t ohi det hepai nhewasendur i ng. ( i i )Thesol di erwassuf f er i ngf r om f at al phy si cal i nj ur i essust ai ned dur i ngt heexpl osi onatni ghtont hebat t l ef i el d.Duet ot hese i nj ur i eshewasf eel i ngphy si cal l yweakandf at i gued. ( i i i )Thesol di erconsi der edi tsi l l yt obedef eat edbyasmal l pai ni n hi schestbecausehewasay oung, heal t hyman, f ul l ofener gy andent husi asm, whocoul dhav edef eat edev endeat h. ( i v )Thesol di erf el tashamedofhi msel ft ot hi nkabouthi swi f e sr eact i on whenshewoul dseeherhusband, ast r ongandgr ownupman, si t t i ngt her edef eat ed.Hef el tt hathi smot herwoul dnev erhav e i magi neddur i nghi schi l dhoodt hatonedayhi ssonwoul dbe si t t i ngont hebat t l ef i el d, def eat edbyasmal l pai ni nhi schest . ( v ) HERE r ef er st ot hebat t l ef i el d.Thesol di erwasunder goi nga ment al pai natt het houghtoft her eact i onhi swi f eandmot her woul dhav eonseei nghi m si t t i ngdef eat edont hebat t l ef i el d. VI . ( i )Thesol di erf el tt hati twasget t i ngdar kear l i ert hani tusedt o bebecauset hel i ghtofhi sl i f ewasf adi ng, ashewassl owl y l osi ngconsci ousnessbecauseoft hef at al i nj ur i essust ai nedon t hebat t l ef i el dandseei ngt hedar knessal l ar oundhi m. ( i i ) He r ef er st ot hesol di er .Hewi ncedupatt hesunwi t han expr essi onofpai nonhi sf acet of i ndoutwhywasi tget t i ng dar ksoear l ydespi t et heshi ni ngsun. ( i i i ) ( a)I nt hegi v enl i ne, t hesol di ert ol dt henar r at ort hatbef or e hewoul dst ar thi sj our neyf ur t her , hewoul dl i ket ot ake al i t t l er est .I tsi gni f i est hesol di er sspi r i tt ocont i nuehi s dut yaf t ert aki ngl i t t l er est .I ti sal sosy mbol i coft hef i nal j our ney , i . e. , deat h, t owar dswhi cht hesol di erwasheadi ng. ( b)Thenar r at orsai d It hi nkImusthav ecr i ed .Hesai dso becausehecoul dnotr ecal l whatwashi sr eact i onwhent he woundedsol di erdi edi nf r ontofhi sey es.I tsi gni f i est hat t henar r at orwaspet r i f i edonseei ngt hehor r i f y i ngdeat hof t hesol di er . ( i v )Whent henar r at orpul l edt hesol di ert owar dshi msel fhef el tt he woundi nhi schestandt hegr av i t yoft hepai nt hesol di erwas endur i ng. ( v )Thenar r at orsai dt hathehadal ar gewoundi nhi shear t compar edt ot hesmal l onei nt hesol di er shear tbecausehe washur tbyt hesuf f er i ngoft hedeadsol di er , andf el tt hegui l t ont hepar tofhumani t yatnotbei ngabl et ogi v eupwarand t her eby , endt hesuf f er i ngoft hesol di er s. VI I . ( i )Theexpr essi on Asi andi r t meansAsi ansoi l andt hi si ndi cat es t hatt hewarwasf oughti nAsi a.Thet wohar dshi psexper i enced byt hesol di eri ncl uded: ( a)Thephy si cal pai ncausedbyt hef at al woundssust ai nedon t hebat t l ef i el d. ( b)Theemot i onal agonyatbei ngl onel yandsur r oundedbydead bodi esandt het houghtofhi sf ami l y sr eact i ononseei ng hi m def eat ed. ( i i )Despi t esust ai ni ngf at al i nj ur i esdur i ngt hewar , t hesol di erdi d notl eav et hebat t l ef i el dbecauseheconsi der edi tathi sdut yt o cont i nuet hef i ghtt i l l t heendanddi esmi l i ngwhi l eper f or mi ng hi sdut yi nt het r uespi r i tofasol di er . ( i i i )Thephr ase asmal l pai ni nmychest i sar ef r ai nwhi chi s r epeat edt hr oughoutt hepoem t oemphasi set hepai nandsuf f er i ng asol di erunder goesont hebat t l ef i el d. ( i v )Yes, i ndeedt hepoem hasapoi gnantendi ng.I tmakest he r eader s ( i )f eel t heagonyasol di erendur esont hebat t l ef i el d; and ( i i )r eal i set hehor r or sofwarandt heneedt ogi v eupwar s f ort hesakeofhumani t y . ( v )Smal l Pai ni nMyChesti sanant i warpoem t hatdescr i best he hor r or sofwarandconv ey st hemessaget oshunhat r edand war f ar e. ThePr of essor . I . ( i )Thespeakerwant st osayt hatal l hi schi l dr en, i . e. , hi ssonsar eeconomi cal l ywel l of fandhi st wo daught er sar ehappi l ymar r i ed. ( i i )Bysay i ng, Bot hhav ecar s , t hespeakerwant st oconv eyt hatbot hhi ssonsar ewel l of fandhav ea st at usi nsoci et y .I tconv ey st hati nI ndi ansoci et yt hewor t hofani ndi v i dual i smeasur edmor ebyhi s f i nanci al st at ust hanany t hi ngel se. ( i i i )The ot her i sar ef er encef ort hespeaker st hi r dson.Thespeakersay st hathei snotdoi ng sowel l becausei ncompar i sont ohi sot hert wosons, whohav emanager i al j obsandar eeconomi cal l ywel l of f , he i snotassuccessf ul ast heyar e. ( i v )Bysay i ng, Ev er yf ami l ymusthav ebl acksheep , t hespeakeri nt endst osayt hati nev er yf ami l yt her e i saper son, whoi sdi f f er entf r om t her estoft hef ami l yandi sanembar r assmentt ot hef ami l y .The speakerconsi der edhi st hi r dsonast hebl acksheepi nhi sf ami l ybecausehewasnotaswel l of fashi s ot hert wosons. ( v )Theext r actshowst hatI ndi ansv al ueeconomi csuccessmor et hanacademi csuccesst hr ought he speaker sat t i t ude, whomeasur est hesuccessofhi st wosonsbyt hei rmanager i al j obsandt hecar st hey owned. I I . ( i )Sar al aandTar al aar et hespeaker sdaught er s.Thepr act i ceofgi v i ngr hy mi ngnamest ot hesi bl i ngs l i ke Sar al aandTar al a i sshowni nt hi sext r act . ( i i )Thespeakersay st hathi st wodaught er s Sar al aandTar al a ar ehappi l ymar r i edt oni ceboy s.The speaker scommentaboutt hemar r i ageofSar al aandTar al ahi nt satt hegenderbi aspr ev al enti nI ndi an soci et y , whi chconsi der st hesuccessofamanbyhi seconomi cst at usandawoman sbyget t i ngmar r i ed t oani ceboy . ( i i i )Bysay i ng, Howmanyi ssuesy ouhav e , t hespeakerwant st oenqui r ef r om hi sst udentaboutt he numberofchi l dr enhehas.Hei sdi r ect i ngt hi squest i ont ohi sf or merst udent . ( i v )I nr epl yt ohi sf or merst udent sr emar kt hathehast hr eechi l dr en, t hespeakersay s Thati sgood . Thespeakerconsi der shi sst udenthav i ngt hr eechi l dr enas good . ( v )Thespeakeri snotagai nstf ami l ypl anni ng.Thei r onyi nt hi sst at ementi st hef actt hatt hought he speakersay st hathei snotagai nstf ami l ypl anni ng, y ethef eel spr oudathav i ngel ev engr andchi l dr en. ( v i )Thepoem ThePr of essori sasat i r eont heur banI ndi anwayofl i f easi tsat i r i ses: ( a)t heur banI ndi ansoci et y , whi chmeasur est hesuccessofamanbyhi seconomi csuccessr at hert han hi sacademi cexcel l ence. ( b)genderbi aspr esenti nI ndi ansoci et ywhi chbel i ev est hatwomanshoul dbehappi l ymar r i edand conf i nedwi t hi nt hef ourwal l soft hei rdomest i cl i f e. ( c)t hepr et enceoft heur banI ndi ans, whoconsi deri tasapr est i get ospeaki naf or ei gnl anguager at her t hant hei rmot hert ongue. I I I . ( i )Thespeakersay st hat wehav et ochangewi t ht i mes becausehef eel st hatsi ncet hewhol ewor l di s changi ng, soweshoul dal sochangewi t ht hechangi ngt i mes.I tshowst hepr et enceoft hespeaker , who f eel st hatweshoul dchangewi t ht hechangi ngt i mes, buti nr eal i t y , hehi msel fcl i ngst ot heol dt r adi t i ons anddoesnotwantt ochange. ( i i )I ndi ai s keepi ngup wi t ht hechangesanddev el opmentgoi ngoni nt hewor l d. ( i i i )Accor di ngt ot hespeaker , newv al uesar er epl aci ngt heol dones.Hef eel ssobecauseoft her api d changest aki ngpl acei nsoci et y . ( i v )Accor di ngt ot hespeaker , Ev er y t hi ngi shappeni ngwi t hl eapsandbounds becauseoft her api d changesanddev el opmentt hati st aki ngpl acei nI ndi ansoci et yandt hewor l datl ar ge. ( v )Exampl esoft heuseofI ndi anEngl i shi nt heext r actar e: ( a)Wear ekeepi ngup.Ourpr ogr essi spr ogr essi ng. ( b)Ol dv al uesar egoi ng, newv al uesar ecomi ng I V. ( i )Thespeakersay st hather ar el ygoesoutbecauseofhi sol dage.The pr i ceofol dage whi cht he speakerhast opayi st hather ar el ygoesout . ( i i )Thespeakersay st hatapar tf r om usual achesandpai nsassoci at edwi t hol dage, hei shal eand hear t ywi t houtanymaj ordi seasel i kedi abet es, bl oodpr essur eorhear tat t ack. ( i i i )Thespeakerascr i beshi sgoodheal t ht osoundhabi t spr act i sedbyhi mi nhi sy out h. ( i v )Thesoundhabi t sf ol l owedbyt hespeakeri nhi sy out hmi ghthav ebeen eat i ngbal anceddi et , r egul arexer ci seandabst ai ni ngf r om smoki nganddr i nki ng. ( v )Themai nt hemeoft hepoem i st hehy pocr i syandpr et enceoft heur banI ndi anmi ddl ecl ass, whi ch measur est hesuccessofani ndi v i dual i nt er msofweal t handst at usr at hert hanacademi cexcel l ence. V. ( i )Bysay i ng hopet oscor eacent ur y , t hespeakerwant st osayt hathehopest ol i v eupt ot heageof hundr ed. ( i i ) Manofwei ghtandconsequence meansaman, whoi sphy si cal l yheal t hy , economi cal l ysoundand hasast at usi nsoci et y .Thespeakersay st hesewor dst ohi sf or merst udentbecausehef i ndshi m phy si cal l yheal t hi ert hanwhathewasear l i erandal sobecauseofhi sst at usi nsoci et y . ( i i i )The goodj oke r ef er r edt obyt hespeakeri st hathi sf or merst udent , whoi snowheal t hi er , onceused t obet hi nl i keast i ck. ( i v )Exampl eofI ndi anEngl i shusedbyt hespeakeri nt hegi v enl i nesi s: ( a)Youwer esot hi n, l i kest i ck.( St ockusageofI ndi anEngl i sh) ( b)I fy ouwer ecomi ngt hi ssi debychance.( UseofPr esentCont i nuousTensei nst eadofSi mpl ePr esent Tense) ( c)Iam l i v i ngj ustonopposi t ehouse sbacksi de.( Di r ectt r ansl at i onoft hel ocal l anguage) ( v )Thet i t l eoft hepoem i squi t eaptbecause: ( a)t heent i r epoem r ev ol v esar oundt hechar act erofar et i r edPr of essor , hi sl i f e, hi st hought sandact i ons. ( b)t hr ought hechar act eroft hePr of essor , t hepoethasr i di cul edt heur ban, educat ed, mi ddl ecl assof I ndi a, i t shy pocr i syandpr et ence. St oppi ngbyWoodsona SnowyEv eni ng. I . ( i )Thewoodsbel ongedt oaman, whol i v edi nt hev i l l age.Thespeakerhasst oppedbyt hewoodst o wat cht hesnowf i l l i ngupt hewoods. ( i i ) Theowneroft hewoodswi l l notseet hespeakerst oppi ngbyt hewoodsbecausehel i v esi nt hev i l l age. Theowneroft hewoodsl i v esi nt hev i l l age, awayf r om nat ur e.Thoughheownst hewoods, hecannot appr eci at eandenj oyt hebeaut yofnat ur e.Thus, t her ear emanmadebar r i er swhi chsepar at emanf r om nat ur e. ( i i i )Woods, bei ng l ov el y , dar kanddeep , sy mbol i zesensuousenj oy ment , t hedar knessofi gnor ance, as wel l ast hedar ki nnersel fofman. Thev i l l agesy mbol i zessoci et yandci v i l i zat i on, bey ondwhosebor der sl i et hewoods. ( i v ) Thepoeti sst andi ngj ustbyt hewoodsandl ooki ngatt hem.Hei senchant edbyt hebeaut yoft he woods. ( v ) Yes, t hepoeti shappywi t hhi sl onel yst at ei nt hewoodsbecause: ( a)hef i ndssol acei nt het hought st hatnobodyi swat chi nghi m; and ( b)hei senchant edwi t ht henat ur al beaut yoft hewoods, snowandt hef r ozenl ake. ( v i ) Rober tFr osti sr egar dedasapoetofnat ur e.Unl i ke, Wi l l i am Wor dswor t h, anot hernat ur epoet , who consi der snat ur easabenev ol entmot her , Fr ostconsi der snat ur eashost i l eandal i en.I nt hi spoem, t he poetst opsbyt hewoodstandf i ndt hem l ov el y , dar kanddeep .Hef i ndshi msel fbei ngseducedbyt he nat ur al beaut yoft hewoods.But , hef i ndst hi sseduct i onmoment ar yandt hechar mi ssoonbr oken.He r emember st hathehast omov eawayf r om nat ur et of ul f i l l hi swor l dl yobl i gat i on. I I . ( i )Thehor sehasst oppedbet weent hewoodsandt hef r ozenl ake.Thehor sehasst oppedt her ebecause t her i der( speaker )want st oseet hebeaut yoft hewoods. ( i i ) Thehor seconsi der si tst r anget ost opbet weent hewoodsandt hef r ozenl akebecauset her ei sno f ar mhouse, i . e. , ci v i l i zat i on, near byandt hatt ooont hedar kestev eni ngoft hey ear . ( i i i ) Thedar kestev eni ngoft hey ear r ef er st oDecember22, t hel ongestni ghtoft hey ear , whent her ei s bi t i ngcol d.Thewor d dar kness i nt hepoem i ssuggest i v eoft hemy st er yofnat ur e t hesour ceof nat ur e sbeaut yl i esi ni t smy st er y , noti ni t sf ami l i ar i t y . ( i v )Sy mbol i cal l y , t hehor ser epr esent st hedomest i cat edpar toft hesoci et yandact sasi t sagentt o r emi ndt hespeakerofhi sr esponsi bi l i t i es( byshaki ngofhar nessbel l s)andt oweanhi mf r om i ndul gi ngi n pl easur esofnat ur e. ( v )Themai nt hemeoft hepoem i st hebasi cconf l i ctbet weenanat t r act i ont owar dsnat ur eandt hepul l of r esponsi bi l i t i es.I nt hi spoem, t hespeakerst andsbyt hewoodsandi senchant edbyt hebeaut yofnat ur e. Theshaki ngoft hehar nessbel l sofhi shor se( sy mbol i zi ngsoci et y )andt hesoundoft hewi nd ( sy mbol i zi nghi si nnerv oi ce)r emi ndhi mt hathecannotgi v ei nt oi r r esponsi bl ei ndul gencebyenj oy i ngt he sensual pl easur esofnat ur e.Hehascer t ai nwor l dl yr esponsi bi l i t i eswhi chhemustf ul f i l l bef or ehegoes t osl eeporbef or ehi sl i f eends. I I I . ( i ) He r ef er st ot hespeaker shor se.Heshakeshi shar nessbel l st oaskt hespeakeri fhehasmadea mi st akei nst oppi ngbyt hewoods. ( i i ) He , i . e. , t hespeaker shor seconsi der si tami st aket ost opbyt hewoodsbecausei ti sawayf r om humansoci et yandt hespeakeri si ndul gi ngi nsensual pl easur esofnat ur ef or get t i nghi swor l dl y r esponsi bi l i t i es. ( i i i )Thegi v enl i nesmeant hatbesi dest hesoundmadebyt heshaki ngoft hehar nessbel l sofhi shor se, t heonl yot hersoundhear dwast hatoft hemov i ngwi ndandf l akesofsnowf al l i ngsof t l yl i kef eat her s. ( i v )Theshaki ngoft he har nessbel l s andt hesweepi ngsoundofwi ndbr eakt hespeaker sr ev er i eand enchant mentwi t hnat ur eandj ol thi m backi nt ot hewor l dofr eal i t y .Hei sr emi ndedofhi sr esponsi bi l i t i es, whi chhemustf ul f i l l bef or ehet akesr est . ( v )Thepoethascr eat edanat mospher eofi sol at i onandmy st er yi nt hepoem bymaki ngt hespeakerst op byt hewoods, awayf r om menorhumanhabi t at i on.Fur t her , t hedepi ct i onofnat ur el i kef r eezi ngcol d, f r ozenl ake, f al l i ngsnow, dar knessandcompl et esi l encewi t ht heonl ysoundssuchast hoseoft he shaki ngoft hehar nessbel l sandt hesweepi ngwi ndhasbeenusedt ocr eat eanat mospher eofi sol at i on andmy st er y . I V. ( i )Thespeakerconsi der st hewoodsas l ov el y , dar kanddeep becausehef i ndst hem beaut i f ul , my st er i ousandseduct i v e.Hecannotenj oyt henat ur al scener yi nt hewoodsbecausehei sr emi ndedof hi sr esponsi bi l i t i es, whi chhemustf ul f i l l andmov eoni nl i f e. ( i i )The pr omi ses r ef er r edt obyt hespeakeri nt hepoem i ncl udet hedut i eshehast oper f or m andt he r esponsi bi l i t i es, hehast of ul f i l l . Thewor l d sl eep i nt hepoem hast womeani ngs: ( a)amet aphorf orf i nal sl eepordeat h; and( b)i ti s sy mbol i coft hedeser v edr ewar dwhi cht hepoetcanachi ev eaf t erkeepi nghi spr omi se, i ncont r astt ot he unear nedpl easur eofl ooki ngatt hewoods. ( i i i )Thewoodsactasanobst acl ef orkeepi ngt hespeaker spr omi sesbecauset hebeaut yoft hewoods maket hespeakerf or getaboutt heci v i l i sat i on, hi sr esponsi bi l i t i es, whi chl i eout si deoft hewoodsandhi s pur posei nl i f e. ( i v )Thel astt wol i nesoft hepoem ar esy mbol i coft hebr i efspanofhumanl i f eandt hedut i es, whi cha manhast oper f or m bef or ehegoest osl eeporbef or ehi sl i f eends. ( v )Rober tFr ost spoet r yi suni v er sal l yr ecogni sedascompr i si ngr ur al t hemesanddeal i ngwi t ht hel i f eof t hehumbl edwel l er soft hecount r ysi de. St oppi ngbyWoodsonaSnowyEv eni ng descr i best henat ur al beaut yoft hewoods, wi t ht hesof t , si l entwhi t enessoft hef r ost , t hef r ozenl akeandt hef al l i ngsnow.I ti s awayf r om humanci v i l i sat i onandenchant st hespeakerwi t hi t sbeaut yandmakeshi mf or gethi s r esponsi bi l i t i es. V. ( i )Thepoetseest he l ov el y , dar kanddeep woods, t hef r ozenl akeandt hesof t , si l entwhi t enessoft he f r ost .Theonl ysoundst hathecanhearar et hosemadebyt heshaki ngoft hehar nessbel l sofhi shor se andt hatoft hesweepi ngwi nd. ( i i )Thei nnerconf l i cti nmanexpr essedi nt hepoem i st hatbet weenanat t r act i ont owar dsnat ur eandt he pul l ofr esponsi bi l i t i es, i . e. , t heconf l i ctbet weendesi r eanddut y . ( i i i )Thenat ur al beaut yandmy st er yoft hewoods, wi t ht hesof t , si l entwhi t enessoft hef r ostandt he f al l i ngsnowat t r actt hepoet . ( i v )Thepoeti nt er pr et st heshaki ngoft hehar nessbel l soft hehor seast hehor sequest i oni nghi mi fhe hasmadeami st akei nst oppi ngbyt hewoods, awayf r om humanhabi t at i on. Sy mbol i cal l y , t heshaki ngoft hehar nessbel l soft hehor sepoi nt st ot hesoci et y sactofbl ami ngt he speakerf ori ndul gi ngi nsensual pl easur e, ov er l ooki nghi sr esponsi bi l i t i es. ( v )Theext r actdepi ct st het hemeofi sol at i onbypor t r ay i ngt hespeaker sactofst oppi ngbyt hewoods, awayf r om menorhumanhabi t at i ononasnowyanddar kev eni ng.Ther ei scompl et esi l enceandt heonl y soundst hespeakercanhearar ef r om t heshaki ngoft hehar nessbel l sandt hesweepi ngwi nd. ( v i )Thecont r ast i ngi magesoft henat ur al wor l dandt hemanmadewor l di nt hepoem ar et hef ol l owi ng: ( a)t hewoodsandt hef ar m house. ( b)pl easur eandbusi ness. ( c)sol i t udeandsoci et y . ( d)f r eedom andr esponsi bi l i t y . ( e)desi r eanddut y . ADoct or sJour nalEnt r yf or August6, 1945. I .( i )Themor ni ngwascal m, beaut i f ul andwar m.Thenar r at orwasi nar el axedmoodandpr epar i ngf orhi s dai l yr out i ne. ( i i )Thenar r at orwasst ar t l edonseei ngt wosuddenf l ashesofl i ght .Het houghtwhet hert hef l asheswer e magnesi um f l ar esseendur i ngt hewar . ( i i i )Duet ot hei mpactoft heexpl osi on, t her oofandt hewal l oft hebui l di ngcol l apsedandt hedebr i sgot scat t er edal l ov er .Thepeopl esuf f er edbot hphy si cal l yandment al l y .Theexpl osi oncausedf at al i nj ur i es t ot hehumanbei ngs, bur ntt hei rski nandmadei tdr i pof ft hei rbodi es. ( i v ) Thenar r at or scl ot hesgotbur nt , aspl i nt err i ppedt hr oughhi st hi gh, hi sr i ghtsi debl edandhi scheek wast or n. ( v ) ( a)I tmeanst hatast hedaydawned, i twasapeacef ul mor ni ng, wi t ht hewar mt hoft heshi nni ngSun. ( b)I tmeanst hatt henar r at orwast akenbyasur pr i seonseei ngasuddenf l ashofl i ghtf ol l owedby anot her . I I . ( i )Thebl oodgushedoutf r om t hewoundssust ai nedbyt henar r at orduet ot hespl i nt er sf r om t he expl osi on, whi chr i ppedt hr oughpar t sofhi sbody .Thenar r at orwaspani cst r i ckent oseet hebl ood gushi ngoutf r om hi sbody . ( i i )Yeckosanwasbadl yi nj ur edbecauseshewashol di ngherel bow, wasbl oodst ai nedandl ookedpal e andf r i ght ened. ( i i i )Thenar r at ort ol dhi swi f econsol i nghert hatt heywoul dbef i ne. ( i v )Whent henar r at orandhi swi f ewer ewal ki ngont hest r eet , t heyst umbl edagai nstt heheadofaman, whowascr ushedt odeat hunderagat e.Thenar r at orwasscar edandhor r i f i ed. ( v )Anat mospher eoff earwascr eat edbyt heexpl osi oni nt hemi ndsoft henar r at orandhi swi f eon seei ngt hegr uesomescenescausedbyt heexpl osi on: ( a)Bot ht henar r at orandhi swi f ewer ebadl yi nj ur edduet ot heexpl osi onandbl oodwasoozi ngoutof t hei rwounds. ( b)Whi l ewal ki ngont hest r eet , t heyst umbl edagai nstt heheadofaman, whowascr ushedt odeat h underagat e. I I I . ( i )Themanagai nstwhoseheadt henar r at orhadst umbl edwasdead.Hewascr ushedt odeat hundera gat e. ( i i ) Thest r anget hi ngst hathappenedi nt heext r actar e: ( a)Thenar r at orsawahousest andi ngbef or ehi m suddenl yt i l t , sway , t oppl eandf i nal l ycr ash. ( b)Thef i r espr angupi nt hedustandspr eadwi del ybyt hewi nd. ( i i i ) Thet wodeci si onsmadebyt henar r at ori ncl udedt hef ol l owi ng: ( a)Tor ushi mmedi at el yt ot hehospi t al . ( b)Whent henar r at orcoul dnotmov ef or war dduet ost i f fl egs, heaskedhi swi f eYeckosant ogoahead al onet ot hehospi t al . ( i v )Thenar r at orcoul dnott akehi si nj ur edst af ft ot hehospi t al becausehewashi msel fbadl yi nj ur edand neededsomebody shel pt ogot ot hehospi t al . ( v ) Thephy si cal i nconv eni encesuf f er edbyt henar r at ori ncl udedt hef ol l owi ng: ( a)Shor t nessofbr eat h. ( b)I nabi l i t yt omov ef or war dduet ost i f f nessi nhi sl egscausedbydr y i ngofbl ood, oozi ngoutf r om hi s wounds. I V. ( i )Thebr eat hoft hespeakerwasshor tbecausehewasbadl ywoundedduet ot hebombexpl osi onand wast hi r st y . Thegi v enst at ement Butbi tbybi tmyst r engt h/ seemedt or ev i v e sy mbol i seshowt heJapanese af t ert henucl earbombat t ack, wi t hst oodt hecal ami t yandwi t ht hei ri ndomi t abl espi r i tandhar dwor kr ose upandgr adual l yr ebui l tt hei rshat t er edci t yandt hei rwor l d. ( i i )Thenar r at orwashel pedbyasol di er .Thesol di ergav et henar r at orat owel t ocov eruphi snakedbody andt hus, gav ehi mt hesel f conf i dencet or i seupandmov ef or war d. ( i i i )Thenar r at orsenthi swi f e, Yeckosant ogoal onet ot hehospi t al becausehewasbadl yi nj ur edand coul dnotmov ef or war dbecauseofst i f f nessi nhi sl egs.Hej ust i f i edhi sact i onofsendi nghi swi f eal one t ot hehospi t al bysay i ngt hathehadnoot herchoi ceashecoul dnotwal kanyf ur t her . ( i v ) Thenar r at orf el tl onel ywhenhi swi f el ef tf ort hehospi t al . ( v )Someoft hepeopl et henar r at orsawwer el i kemer eshadows, wher easot her sl ookedl i keghost sor scar ecr ows.St i l l ot her swer ewal ki ngwi t har msst r et chedoutwi t hei t herashoul derorahanddangl i ng l oosef r om t hei rbody . ( v i )Thepeopl ewer emar chi ngt ot hehospi t al wi t houtanycl ot hesont hei rbodyasi ft heyhadcomeout st r ai ghtaf t erabat h. V. ( i ) They r ef er r edt oawomanandachi l d, bot hnaked, whower emar chi ngt owar dst hehospi t al .The nar r at ordoubt edwhet hert heyhadcomest r ai ghtf r om t hebat hbecauset heyhadnocl ot hesont hei r bodi es. ( i i )Besi dest hebombexpl osi on, t hewar r i ngnat i on( t heUSA)byper pet r at i ngsuchabr ut al actont hem wasr esponsi bl ef ormaki ngt hem nakedofcl ot hesaswel l asofhumandi gni t y . ( i i i )I tmeanst hatal l t hosewhosuf f er edt hedest r uct i oncausedbyt hebombexpl osi on, coul dnotut t era wor dofangui shagai nstt hosewhoper pet r at edsuchabr ut al actont hem. ( i v ) Thephy si cal suf f er i ngshowni nt heext r acti s: ( a)Thepeopl ewer ewal ki ngnakedast hei rcl ot heshadgotbur ntduet ot heexpl osi on. ( b)Thef aceandt hebodi esoft hepeopl ehadbecomedi sf i gur ed. Thepsy chol ogi cal agonyshowni nt heext r acti s: ( a)Thepeopl ewer edumbf oundedbecauset hei rsensi bi l i t i eshadbecomenumbduet ot hesudden hor r orunl eashedont hem byt hebombexpl osi on. ( b)Al t hought heywer ei ngr eatpai n, t heycoul dnotcr y . ( v )Thepi t yandsy mpat hyf ort hev i ct i msoft henucl earbombexpl osi ont hatt hepoem i nduces, appeal s t ome. ( a)Thef ear , pani c, hor r orandgr eatdev ast at i onsuf f er edbyt hev i ct i mscausedbyt hecol l apseoft he bui l di ngs, spr eadoft hedebr i sandf i r e. ( b)Thegr uesomedet ai l soft hephy si cal andment al agonyoft hev i ct i msl i ket henar r at orst umbl i ng agai nstt heheadofamancr ushedt odeat hunderagat e, peopl el ooki ngl i keshadows, ghost sand scar ecr owsandt hepar t soft hei rbodi esdangl i ngl oose. I fThouMustLov eMe. I .( i )Thewor ds l eti tbef ornought meanl eti tbef ornot hi ng.Thespeaker swant st ot el l herl ov ernott o l ov eherf oranypar t i cul arr eason.Thespeakerwant sherl ov ert ol ov eherf orl ov e ssakeonl y . ( i i ) Shedoesnotwantt obel ov edf orhersmi l e, herl ooksorf orhergent l ev oi ce. ( i i i ) Shedoesnotwantherl ov ert ol ov eherf orpar t i cul art r ai t sl i keherappear anceandgoodl ooks becauset heset r ai t swi l l f adewi t ht hepassageoft i me. ( i v ) ( a)at r i ckoft houghtmeansapar t i cul arwayoft hi nki ng, whi chmaymi sl eadherl ov er . ( b)Asenseofpl easanteaseonsuchadaymeanst hequal i t i eswhi chmaygi v easenseofcomf or tt oher l ov eronapar t i cul arday . ( v ) Cumul at i v el i st i ngi sat echni queofl i st i ngsi mi l ari deast o expl ai noraddexampl est oapar t i cul arst at ement .Theexampl eofcumul at i v el i st i ngi nt hegi v enext r act i s: Thespeakerenumer at esherphy si cal char act er i st i cs hersmi l e, herl ooksandhergent l ewayof speaki ng f orwhi chshedoesnotwantt obel ov ed, ast hesechar act er i st i csar echangeabl eandnotev er l ast i ng. I I . ( i ) t heset hi ngs r ef ert ot het r ai t sl i kehersmi l e, herl ooksandhergent l ewayofspeaki ng, f orwhi cht he speakerdoesnotwantherl ov ert ol ov eher . ( i i ) Byt hest at ement , may / Bechanged, orchangef ort hee , t hespeakerwant st ot el l herl ov ernott ol ov e herf ort het r ai t sl i kehersmi l e, herl ooksorherwayofspeaki ngast heset r ai t smaychangewi t ht he passageoft i meorhi sappr eci at i onoft heset r ai t swoul df adei nt hei rappeal f orhi m. ( i i i )Thespeakerdoesnotwantt obeaf f ect edbyt hesechangesbecauset her ei smuchmor et ol ov et han t hesechangeabl et r ai t s.Shewant st obel ov edf ort r uel ov eandnothersuper f i ci al qual i t i est hatwoul d changewi t ht hepassageoft i me. ( i v )Thet hemeoft hepoem i suncondi t i onal l ov e.I nt hepoem, t hespeakerasksherl ov ernott ol ov eher f ort hequal i t i esl i keherbeaut i f ul smi l e, herl ooksorhergent l ev oi ce.Sher ecogni sest hatt hought hese qual i t i esmaybeendear i ngt ohi m, butwoul df adeawayi nt hei rappeal t ohi m wi t ht hepassageoft i me. Howev er , t r uel ov ei suncondi t i onal andnotdependentonsuchchangeabl ephy si cal t r ai t s.Shewant shi s l ov ef orhershoul dbeet er nal . ( v )Thest at ement l ov e, sowr ought / Maybeunwr oughtso meanst hatl ov et hati sbasedonchangeabl e t r ai t smaychangeordi mi ni shwi t ht hechangesi nt heset r ai t swi t ht hepassageoft i me.Her e, t hespeaker f eel st hati fherl ov erl ov esherf oronl yt hoset r ai t s, hi sl ov ef orherwoul ddi mi ni sh, whenherphy si cal t r ai t swoul df adeaway . I I I . ( i )Thewor ds dearpi t y r ef ert ot hepi t yt hespeaker sl ov erf eel sf orher . Thewor ds wi pi ngmycheeksdr y meanst heactofwi pi ngof ft ear sf r om mycheeks.Her e, t hespeaker want st ot el l herl ov ert hatshedoesnotwantt obel ov edoutofpi t y .Shesay st hatshemi ghtnotcr yand si ncet her ewoul dbenot ear st obewi pedof ff r om hercheeks, shemaynotbeabl et opr oducepi t yf or heri nherl ov er . ( i i )Thewor d cr eat ur e i susedher ef ort hespeaker .I ti ssocal l edt ocompar eher eposi t i onwi t h somet hi ngsi mi l arl i keawhi mper i ngdogoraf l oppi ngbi r d, whi chi nst ant l yi nv okespi t yi nhumanbei ngs. ( i i i )I ft hecr eat ur ef or get st oweep, t hel ov erwoul dnotf eel anypi t yf orher .Thi si sbecauseshewon t hav eanyt ear st obewi pedof ff r om hercheeksandsowoul dnotbeabl et oi nduceanypi t yf orher sel fi n herl ov er . ( i v )Thewor d Thy i susedf ort hespeaker sl ov er . ( v )Thepoetdoesnotwantt obel ov edoutofpi t ybecauseshebel i ev est hatpi t yonhert ear swi l l bel ost onceshei sconsol ed. I V. ( i )Thepoetwant st obel ov edf orl ov e ssakeonl ybecausei nt hatwayshewi l l al way sbel ov ednomat t er whatqual i t i esofherf adeawaywi t ht i me. ( i i ) Thewor ds t hr oughl ov e set er ni t y meanl ov et hati set er nal orev erl ast i ng.Thespeakerwant st hat herl ov er sl ov ef orhershoul dbeet er nal . ( i i i )Lov ehasbeenper soni f i edi nt hesel i nesbygi v i ngl ov e, humanl yt r ai t ssuchaspossessi on( l ov e s sake)andat i mef r ame( l ov e set er ni t y ) . ( i v )Thespeakeroft hepoem, awoman, demandsequal st at uswi t hamanbyaski ngherl ov ernott ol ov e herf orherphy si cal at t r i but esoroutofpi t ybutf orwhatshei s al i v i ng, t hi nki nghumanbei ng. ( v ) Thet hi ngswhi chIl i kei nt hepoem ar et hef ol l owi ng: ( a)Thespeaker sdemandf oruncondi t i onal l ov e, t hel ov ewhi chi snotbasedonanysuper f i ci al qual i t i es t hatf adeawaywi t ht hepassageoft i mebutt hel ov ewhi chi set er nal . ( b)Thespeaker sdemandf orequal st at uswi t hmen.Shedoesnotwantt obel ov edoutofpi t ybutf or whatshei s al i v i ng, t hi nki nghumanbei ng. ( v i )Thepoem, I fThouMustLov eMe i sasonnetbecause: ( a)i tcompr i sesf our t eenl i neswi t haf or mal r hy mi ngschemei ni ambi cpent amet er , i . e. , abba/ abba/ cdc/ dc[ d/ e] . ( b)i ti sahy br i dofbot hPet r ar chanandShakespear eansonnet s.I nr hy mi ngscheme, i ti scomposedofa Pet r ar chanoct et( ei ghtl i nes)wi t ht her hy mi ngschemeabbaabbaandsest et( si xl i nes)wi t ht her hy mi ng schemecdcdcdorcdecde.Howev er , i ni t scont ent , i tf ol l owst heShakespear eanst r uct ur eoft hr ee quat r ai ns( 4+4+4=12l i nes)andt hef i nal r esol v i ngcoupl et s. IBel i ev e. I . ( i ) I i nt hef i r stl i neoft heext r actr ef er st ot hepoet .Shewant st ot hr owapebbl eupwar dst omakeahol e i nt heheav enst oseet heangel satpl ayt her e. ( i i )Byt hr owi ngt hepebbl eupwar ds, t hepoetwi l l beabl et opi er cet heheav ensandseet heangel satpl ay t her e.Sy mbol i cal l y , t heactof t hr owi ngt hepebbl eupwar ds suggest st heef f or t smadet or i sei nl i f et o achi ev eunachi ev abl egoal s. ( i i i ) ( a)Thephr asepi er cet heheav ensmeanst omakeasmal l hol ei nt heuni v er se.I tmeanst oachi ev e unachi ev abl egoal swi t hr i ghtef f or t sandconv i ct i on. ( b)Thephr aseSeet heangel satpl aymeanst oseet hespi r i t s, whoar ebel i ev edt obet heser v ant sofGod andwhodwel l i nheav ens. ( i v )Thephr ase Ibel i ev e si gni f i est hepoet sdr eamsandaspi r at i onswher east hephr ase Ican si gni f i es t hedet er mi nat i onandconf i denceoft hespeakeratwhatshebel i ev esshecanachi ev e. ( v )Theext r actpor t r ay st hespeakerasanopt i mi st i c, har dwor ki ngper sonwhohast hewi l l and det er mi nat i ont oachi ev eal l herdr eamsandaspi r at i ons. I I . ( i )Thespeakerwant st oachi ev et hehi ghestl i mi tofachi ev ement .Forher , skyi st hel i mi tf or achi ev ement s. ( i i ) Hei ght s sy mbol i zet hesky , meani ng spacewi t houtl i mi t f orachi ev ement .Thepoetwi shest oconv ey t hemessaget hatt heskyi st hel i mi tf orhumanachi ev ement s. ( i i i )Byt hephr ase t oucht hesi l kycl ouds t hespeakermeanst or eacht hehi ghestl i mi t sofachi ev ement andt hephr ase f eel t hest ar s meanst obeoneamongt hel i stofachi ev er sorst ar s. ( i v ) Di v er i ghti nt ot hedept hs meant odi v ei nt ot hedeepestocean.Thedeepermeani ngoft hi sphr asei s t hatonecandi v ei nt ot hedept hsmeani ngt he oceanofl i f e andcr ossal l t hehur dl esont hewayand achi ev esuccess. ( v ) Shar ks i nt hel astl i neoft hest anzar ef ert ot hehur dl esanddi f f i cul t i eswhi chcomei nl i f e.By swi mmi ngwi t ht heshar ks onei sabl et oachi ev esuccessbyov er comi ngal l t hedi f f i cul t i es( shar ks)on t heway . I I I . ( i )Thephr ase cl awi ngi nt ot heear t h sbel l y meanst odi gdeepi nt ot heear t ht ogett hepr eci ousj ewel s t hatl i ewi t hi n. ( i i )Thespeakerwant st o cl awi nt ot heear t h sbel l y t ogetal l t hepr i cel essgemst hatl i ewi t hi n. ( i i i )The pr i cel essgems r ef ert ot her esour cest hatl i ewi t hi nt heear t hl i kemet al s, mi ner al sandpr eci ous st ones.Thesegemscanbeobt ai nedbyt oi l i nghar danddi ggi ngdeepi nt ot heear t h. ( i v ) Thespeakerbel i ev est hatshecandomanyt hi ngsont heear t h.Shebel i ev essobecauset her ear emany v al uabl er esour cesont heear t hwhi chshecanut i l i ze. ( v )Thehumanangel sar et hespeaker sf el l owhumanbei ngsont heear t h.Thespeakerhascal l edt hem sobecauset heyar ecapabl eofat t ai ni ngt hest at usofangel sbyf ol l owi ngt her i ght eouspat handdoi ng t hei rdut ydi l i gent l y . I V. ( i )Thespeakersay st hatshe f i r ml ybel i ev e t oemphasi zet hedut i esshehast oper f or mi nt hi swor l d bef or eshecani ndul gei nper usi ngherdr eamsandaspi r at i ons. ( i i )Bei ngawoman, t her ol eassi gnedt ot hespeakeri st hatofadaught er , asi st er , awi f eandamot her . Thewor d her e r ef er st ot hepl anetear t hwher eshel i v esanddr eamst of ul f i l l anumberofaspi r at i ons. ( i i i )Thephr ase wher eIdr eam andbr eat he meanst hepl ace, i . e. , t heear t h, wher et hespeakerdr eams andl i v es, t oper f or m herdut i esandachi ev ehergoal sandaspi r at i ons. ( i v )Yes, t hespeakerseemst of eel t hatt her ol eassi gnedt oherbecauseofbei ngawoman, act sasa hi ndr ancei nachi ev i ngherdr eams.Thi si sbecauseoft hesoci al const r ai nt sduet ot hegenderbased deni al anddi scr i mi nat i onpr ev al enti nI ndi ansoci et y . ( v )I tt el l sust hatt hespeaker , l i keal l t heot herwomen, hast oper f or m al l t hedut i esassi gnedt oher , l i ke t hatofadaught er , asi st er , awi f e, amot herandsoon, bef or eshecanf ul f i l l herowndr eamsand aspi r at i ons.Thewomeni ngener al f eel r est r i ct edi nachi ev i ngt hei raspi r at i onsduet ot hesoci al const r ai nt si mposedont hem byt r adi t i ons, cust omsandr el i gi onf orbei nga woman. APsal m ofLi f e. I . ( i )Thewor ds mour nf ul number s r ef ert ot hesor r owf ul v er ses, t hr oughwhi cht hespeakerdoesnotwant t obet ol dt hatl i f ei sameani ngl essdr eam. ( i i )I tmeanst hatl i f ei sameani ngl essdr eam andani l l usi on.Li f ecanbeanempt ydr eam i fhumanbei ngs spendt hei rt i memeani ngl essl ywi t houthav i ngagoal i nl i f e. ( i i i )Bysay i ng, t hesoul i sdeadt hatsl umber s , t hepoeti nt endst osayt hatone, whospendshi st i me ai ml essl yi sr eal l yadeadman.Ther ef or e, onemustal way sbeupanddoi ng.Thespeaker , l at eri nt he poem, say st hatoneshoul dr el ynei t heront hef ut ur enoront hepast , butshoul dl i v ei nt hepr esent momentwi t hcour agei nonesel fandt r usti nGod. ( i v )Thosewhol i v eani r r esponsi bl el i f eandwhi l et hei rawayt i meai ml essl ydepi ctl i f easameani ngl ess dr eam.Thi sdoesnotr ef l ectt het r uenat ur eofhumanl i f e. ( v )Yes, i ndeedapr of oundt hi nkercanbeagr eatpoetbecauseonl yat hi nkercangi v ev entt ot hef eel i ngs andaspi r at i onsofhumani t yatl ar geandr ef l ectt het r uenat ur eofhumanl i f e. Themor al pr i nci pl ehi nt edi nt heext r acti st hatl i f ei snotanempt ydr eam buthasaser i ousmi ssi on. ( v i )Thehumanat t i t udeofi r r esponsi bl ei ndul gencei nusel esspur sui t sandmeani ngl esst hi nki ngi s condemnedi nt hi sext r act . I I . ( i )Ear l i eri nt hepoem, i twassai dt hatl i f ei sameani ngl essdr eam.Thi sgl oomyaspectofl i f ei s mi sl eadi ngandnotar eal i t y , f ori tdoesnotr ef l ecti t st r uenat ur e. ( i i )I tmeanst hatdeat hi snott heendofl i f e.Thepoetst r ongl ybel i v esi nl i f eaf t erdeat hbecausehesay s t hatdeat hmar kst heendoft hebodyandnott hesoul . ( i i i ) Dustt houar t , t odustr et ur nest meanst hatt hebodycomesf r om dustandr et ur nst odust . Theal l usi oni nt hest at ementi st hatGodf or medmanoutofcl ayandbr eat hedl i f ei nt ohi m.But , when Adam andEv e, t hef i r sthumanbei ngs, di sobey edGod, t heywer epuni shedbypr onounci ngt heLawof Deat hont hem, whi chsay s, Dustt houar tandunt odustt houshal l r et ur n. ( i v )Thehumanbody , whi chi sper i shabl e, r et ur nst ot hedust , f r om whi chi tappear ed.Howev er , t hesoul i s i mper i shabl eanddoesnotr et ur nt ot hedust . ( v ) Twoexampl esofl y r i cal qual i t yi nt hepoem ar e: ( a)Eachst anzaoft hepoem f ol l owst her hy mi ngschemeabab, accor di ngt owhi ch, t hef i r stl i ner hy mes wi t ht het hi r dandt hesecondl i ner hy meswi t ht hef our t h. ( b)I ti samusi cal l y r i ct hati nv okesmanki ndt ol i v ei nt hepr esentandf ol l owt hepat hofr i ght eousness. I I I . ( i )The wor l d sbr oadf i el dofbat t l e r ef er st ot hewhol ewor l dbei ngabi gbat t l ef i el d.I ti sr ef er r edt oas t hebat t l ef i el dbecauseher e, ev er yhumanbei nghast owor khar dandst r uggl et ol i v eandf i ghtt hebat t l e ofl i f e, wi t hi nt heal l ot t edt i me. ( i i ) bi v ouacofl i f e meanst hatt hi swor l di sat empor ar ycampf orhumanbei ngs, wher et heyl i v eand st r uggl ef oraf i xedper i odoft i meandt henl eav ei t , whent hei rbodi esdi e.Oneshoul df i ghtagai nstal l oddsi nt hi sbi v ouacandemer geasaher o. ( i i i )Theexpr essi on, dumb, dr i v encat t l e meanst hathumanbei ngsshoul dnotbel i ket hedumbcat t l e, whi chi sdr i v enbyot her s, becausei tl acksdi r ect i onanddet er mi nat i on.Humanbei ngsshoul df i ght agai nstal l oddsandemer geasher oes. ( i v )Oneshoul dnott r ustt hef ut ur ebecauseonei snotawar eofwhati sgoi ngt ohappeni nt hef ut ur e. Si mi l ar l y , oneshoul dnott r ustt hepastbecauseonecannotchanget hepast .So, oneshoul dl i v ei nt he pr esentmomentandmaket hebestoutofi t . ( v ) ( a)Lett hedeadPastbur yi t sdead!meanst hatweshoul dnotbecapt i v at edbyt hepastev ent sandt hey shoul dbeputawaybecausewecannotchanget hem andt her ef or e, weshoul dl i v ei nt hepr esentmoment . ( b)Hear twi t hi n, andGodo er head!meanst hatoneshoul dnotr el yont hepastort hef ut ur eandl i v ei nt he pr esentmomentwi t hcour agei nonesel fandt r usti nGod. ( v i ) Themor al pr i nci pl eunder l y i ngt heext r acti st hatt hewhol ewor l di sabi gbat t l ef i el dandat empor ar yr est camp.So, weshoul dnotbedumbl i kecat t l e, whoar edr i v enbyot her s, butshoul df i ndourownway . I V. ( i )Thel i v esofgr eatment eachust hatwecanal soachi ev egr eathei ght sbyemul at i ngt hem. ( i i )( a)Wecanmakeourl i f esubl i mei nt hel i f e sbat t l ef i el dbyf i ght i ngagai nstal l odds, f i ndi ngourown wayandbecomi ngasuccess. ( b)Wecanmakeourl i f esubl i mebyl i v i ngi nt hepr esentmomentwi t houtbot her i ngf ort hef ut ur eort he pastandmaki ngt hebestuseofav ai l abl et i meandr esour ces. ( i i i ) Foot pr i nt sont hesandsoft i me meant henobl ewor kdonebygr eatmenwhi chactasmi l est ones andshowt hewayt oot her st omaket hei rl i v essuccessf ul .Wecanbenef i tf r om t hef oot pr i nt sont he sandsbyf ol l owi ngt hepat hshownbygr eatmenandachi ev i ngnewhei ght si nl i f e. ( i v )Thel i neswhi chappeal t omet hemosti ncl udet hef ol l owi ng: Letus, t hen, beupanddoi ng Wi t hahear tf oranyf at e; St i l l achi ev i ng, st i l l pur sui ng Lear nt ol aborandt owai t . Thi si sbecauset heabov el i nespr ov i det hel essononhowt ol i v easuccessf ul l i f e.Thesel i nest eachus t hat , weshoul dnev ergi v eup, cont i nueourwor kconf i dent l y , f aci nganysi t uat i oni nl i f e, f av or abl eor unf av or abl eandwi t houtbei ngpr eoccupi edwi t ht heout comeofouract i ons.Weshoul dcont i nueour ef f or t sper si st ent l yandl ear nt owai tpat i ent l yf ort her ewar ds. ( v )Thegl oomypi ct ur eofl i f eshownbyt hespeakeri nt hepoem i ncl udest hef ol l owi ng: ( a)Li f ei sameani ngl essdr eam. ( b)Thewor kassi gnedt ousi st oodemandi ngandt i meconsumi ng.Butt i mepassesqui ckl yl eav i ngus bewi l der ed. V. ( i ) Foot pr i nt s oft henobl edeedsper f or medbyus, whi chcanencour ageanunhappyandr ui nedman, sai l i ngov ert heseaofl i f e, ar er ef er r edt oi nt heext r act . ( i i ) ( a)Sai l i ngo erl i f e ssol emnmai nmeansai l i ngov ert heseaofl i f e. ( b)Af or l or nandshi pwr eckedbr ot hermeananunhappyanddeser t edman, whohasgoneast r ayf r om t he r i ghtpat h. ( i i i )The f oot pr i nt s ar er ef er r edt oi nt heext r actbecauset heycanmot i v at eanunhappyanddeser t edman, whohasgoneast r ayf r om t her i ghtpat h, byf ol l owi ngt hepat hshownbyt hesef oot pr i nt s. ( i v )Thepoetwant st oconv eyt hatweshoul dbegi nourwor kcour ageousl yf aci nganysi t uat i oni nl i f e, f av or abl eorunf av or abl e. ( v ) Yes, i ndeedIenj oy edr eadi ngt hepoem f ort hef ol l owi ngr easons: ( a)I ti nst r uct sandgui desusonhowt ol eadanupr i ghtl i f e.I ti nspi r esust ocont i nueourwor kwi t hout bei ngboggeddownbyt heci r cumst ances. ( b)I ti samusi cal l y r i ct hathasaswi f tr hy t hm andr hy mi ngpat t er n.

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