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ICSE Class X Notes 2026 : Geography

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TOPOGRAPHY Symbols S.No 1 Feature Symbol Permanent hut Permanents huts are made by people who permanently settle at one place. 2 Temporary hut Temporary huts are made by the shepherds who graze their cattle/sheep/goats and they do not settle at one place. 3 Open scrub Presence of open scrub indicates that the land is used for sheep and goat rearing. 4 Rocky outcrop An outcrop is a large area of rock sticking out of the ground. 5 Stony waste A large area usually in arid/semi-arid regions where the finer sand/soil has blown away leaving a surface covered with boulders, stones and pebbles. Department of Geography 2022-23/Topography notes Revised - May 2025 1 6 Sheet rock A large sheet of rock exposed due to wind erosion. Usually found in the arid region. 7 Broken ground In arid regions, during a rain shower, the rainwater cuts deep grooves into the soil where land is sloping to form a network of gullies and ravines. It is represented by black curved lines as shown in the image. 8 Embankment: Tank with an embankment A wall or bank of earth or stone built to prevent a river flooding an area. In case of a tank, the wall prevents water to flow out which otherwise deprives the collection of water. 9 Kiln (Lime/brick) Lime kiln is a place where limestone is processed to make lime mortar (a binding material used for making houses). Brick kiln is a place where the bricks are baked and used for construction. * Kiln also generates employment and people may be employed. 10 Depression (Dep) A portion of land which has a natural depression created by the wind after the sediments are blown away. Department of Geography 2022-23/Topography notes Revised - May 2025 2 11 Fireline: (Refer to page no. 22 in the textbook) A fire line is a clearing made (usually a trench dug) in the forest by felling trees over 15m wide to stop the spread of fire. 12 Motorable in dry season Cart track is motorable during dry season only. Cart track may be not suitable during the wet season. 13 Annual fair A larger settlement become a central point for small settlements around it to organize a fair for people to buy and sell goods. In some cases it may also be on a monthly basis. 14 Brackish Water with very high salinity. Not suitable for drinking. 15 Causeway A raised metalled road built over a small stream for its uninterrupted flow. 16 Sand dunes Sand dunes are represented by concentrated brown dots on a topographical map. Department of Geography 2022-23/Topography notes Revised - May 2025 3 17 Sandy soil Sandy soil is represented by evenly spread brown dots on a topographical map. 18 Perennial lined well These are man-made wells with brick/stone walls. These wells generally have water all through the year and a reliable source of water for drinking and for irrigating farmlands. 19 Perennial unlined well These are man-made wells without any lining. The rocks surrounding the well act as natural lining. These wells generally have water all through the year and a reliable source of water for drinking and for irrigating farmlands. 20 Perennial canal It is a man-made channel connected to a perennial tank/river or a dam. It is used by farmers to irrigate their farmland or for drinking. 21 Power line It is a main electric power line connecting settlements to supply electricity. 22 Milestone a stone set up beside a road to mark the distance in miles to a particular place. These are represented by red coloured number along a main road on a topographical map. Department of Geography 2022-23/Topography notes Revised - May 2025 4 23 Barren land An area represented by white colour on a topographical map. An area where no cultivation is done or cultivation is not possible. 24 Relative height (in meters) It represented by a number with a r in black colour on a topographical map. It represents the height between the top and the bottom of the feature in meters. 25 Relative depth (in meters) It represented by a number with a r in blue colour on a topographical map. It represents the depth of a well from the surface in meters. 26 Benchmark Height of a place (above mean sea level) that is inscribed on a wall of any building in a settlement. 27 Triangulated height Height of a place (above mean sea level) that is determined by triangulation method. It is represented by a triangle. 28 Spot height Height of a place (above mean sea level which is located between two consecutive contour lines. Department of Geography 2022-23/Topography notes Revised - May 2025 5 29 River island An island created naturally due to the accumulation of debris carried by the river. 30 Sandy beds Sediments deposited on the dry riverbed. It is represented by back dots in the river channel. 31 Chattri - Chhatri are elevated, dome-shaped pavilions used as an element in Indo-Islamic architecture and Indian architecture. Originating as a canopy above tombs of prominent people, they serve as decorative elements. 32 Post office 33 Hospital Department of Geography 2022-23/Topography notes Revised - May 2025 6 34 Dispensary 35 Veterinary Hospital/dispensary 36 Drainage: Dendritic It looks like the branching pattern of a tree. 37 Drainage: Trellis Streams when they meet the mainstream at a right angle. 38 Drainage: Radial Streams that originate from a hill. They radiate away in all directions from a mountain top. 39 Settlement: Dispersed Department of Geography 2022-23/Topography notes Revised - May 2025 7 40 Settlement: Nucleated 41 State boundary 42 District boundary . . . . . . . . 43 Vegetation: Open mixed jungle 44 Vegetation: fairly dense mixed jungle 45 Vegetation: dense mixed jungle Department of Geography 2022-23/Topography notes Revised - May 2025 8 46 Aqueduct A structure for carrying water across land, especially one like a high bridge with many arches that carries pipes or a canal across a valley. 47 Expressway with toll 48 Expressway with bridge 49 Expressway with distance stone 50 Metalled road 51 Unmetalled road 52 Cart track 53 Pack track with pass 54 Foot path Department of Geography 2022-23/Topography notes Revised - May 2025 9 55 Seasonal tank 56 Seasonal tank with an embankment 57 Covered tank: It is man made underground structure to hold water for drinking. It is usually used in dry states such as Rajasthan, Gujarat. 58 Police station 59 Reserve forest 60 Protected forest 61 Rest House/inspection bunglow 62 Circuit house INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS OCCUPATION Department of Geography 2022-23/Topography notes Revised - May 2025 10 (Only the below listed occupations can be stated) 1. Forestry: A region covered by green wash represents forest and the products such as spices, honey, lac and fruits are collected by the people residing in the nearby settlements. 2. Rearing of livestock: Cultivable waste land or barren land shown in white is used as pasture for rearing animals. Animals feed on scrub or seasonal grass. 3. Yellow wash: An area where agriculture is practiced by the people living in the settlements. 4. Trading: People in a settlement involved in buying and selling of goods other than agriculture. 5. Brick / lime kiln: If a brick or lime kiln is found around a settlement, they some people may be employed in manufacturing bricks or lime mortar. 6. Quarry: Quarry is a place where rocks are cut or extracted for construction purposes. The quarries also generate employment. 7. Government services: Many people involved in an employment in different government departments like PWD (Public works department), RS (railway station), DB & IB (Dak and Inspection bunglow), PS (police station), PTO (Post and telegraph office), P.O (Post Office), Police chowki and dispensaries/hospitals. Note: The region of Rajasthan and Gujarat is deprived of water hence people in this region do not consume fish or meat. They are vegetarians and grow dry crops such as millets (jowar, bajra). Do not mention fishing as an occupation. CLIMATE: (Rajasthan and Gujarat) The region (topo map extract) experiences tropical monsoon climate with hot and dry and scanty rainfall. The following are the evidence to prove the climate experienced in this region. (i) Presence of sand dunes (ii) Scrub vegetation (iii) Brackish water in the wells (iv) Disappearing streams (v) Broken ground FREQUENTLY ASKED DOUBTS BY THE CANDIDATES Department of Geography 2022-23/Topography notes Revised - May 2025 11 1. What type of vegetation is found in the map extract? The candidates are required to mention any of the following if it is mentioned on the map extract. (i) Open mixed jungle (ii) Fairly dense mixed jungle (iii) Dense mixed jungle 2. What makes a settlement important? A settlement prominent because: (i) It is large with many residents. (ii) It is connected with roads (cart tracks/metalled roads) (iii) Services offered by the settlement such as metalled road/railway/temples/dispensaries/police chowki/inspection bungalows/post office. 3. How to find an enclosed area? (i) Each grid square measures 2cm x 2cm = 1km x 1 km as per the scale of the map which is 2cm to 1 km. (ii) Count the number of squares in the enclosed area between the given easting and northings and add the unit. For example:- 4 grids x 4 grids = 16 grids 1 grid is 1km2 = 16x1km2 = 16km2 4. How do we determine the slope of the land? (i) By checking the spot heights in the map extract. (ii) By checking the flow of the river. 5. How do we find the direction of the river flow? (i) By finding the arrow (showing the direction of flow) in the river channel. (ii) By observing the tributaries of a river or a stream. If the streams form a v-shaped confluence, imagine V as an arrowhead and that will determine the direction of the river flow. Confluence Confluence 6. How to identify the bank of the river? First find the direction of the river (arrow or the tributaries joining) and if you follow the river, the right side of the river will be right bank and the left side will be left bank. Department of Geography 2022-23/Topography notes Revised - May 2025 12 Right bank Left bank Department of Geography 2022-23/Topography notes Revised - May 2025 13

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