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Raymond Haward
Acts Secondary School, Bangalore
12 science

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CLIMATE 1) Punjab /Haryana/ Kashmir - winter rainfall from the Westerly Depression (Temperate Cyclones) originating in the Mediterranean Sea. They lie in the temperate zone and are therefore in the pathway of these depression. 2) Shillong /Dispur / Guwahati - leeward side of the Khasi hills Cherrapunji/ Mawsynram - windward side of the Khasi hills. S.W. Monsoon Bay of Bengal 'branch. it is in the Pathway of these winds. 3) Coromandel Coast / Andhra Pradesh /Orissa / Tamil Nadu - more rainy- months, but less rainfall - retreating monsoons, North East Monsoons (total amount of rain received is comparatively less) Konkan Coast / Malabar Coast / Kanara / Coastal Maharashtra ( Karnataka State / Goa/ Kerala) -South West Monsoon (winds) Arabian Sea branch (Arabian Sea current is probably 3 times more than the Bay of Bengal branch) 4) Rajasthan, Western Rajasthan /Bikaner / Jaisalmer / Jodhpur /Pokaran Aravallis lie parallel to the S.W. monsoon Arabian Sea branch. Rain shadow region to the S.W. Monsoon Bay of Bengal branch blows. 5)S.W. Monsoon Bay of Bengal branch deflects when it comes in contact with the Garo, khasi, and Jaintia hills in Assam moving up the Ganga Valley. The rain decreases as it is shed while following the line of the mountains. 6) Kanyakumari, Bombay, Goa, Cochin, Trivandrum, Mangalore, Vishakapatnam,Haldia, Calcutta, Madras, Pondicherry, Panaji, Kandla, Kakinada have an equable, moderate or maritime climate. Situated close to or along the hence the influence of the sea. The diurnal range of temperature is less. Therefore the annual range in temperature is low. 7) )Madras / Vishakapatnam gets - heavier rainfall (North East monsoons blow, they pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and gives rain. Windward side of the Eastern Ghats) hyderabad / Secunderabad / Bangalore / Mysore lesser rainfall (Rain shadow region of the Eastern Ghats) 8) Bombay, Goa, Panaji, Mangalore, Cochin, Thiruvananthapuram - more rainfall Windward side of the Western Ghats (SouthWest Monsoon Arabian Sea Branch) Pune, Sholapur, Nagpur, Amravathi, Aurangabad less rainfall Leeward side or in the Rain Shadow region. 9) Kanyakumari is the first to 'receive the South West Monsoon winds and the last to see it retreat. Kanyakumari is at the Southernmost tip of India. The winds that bring rain are the South West Monsoons, Kanyakumari is in the pathway of these winds. 10) Lucknow, (Kanpur, Bhopal, Chandigarh, Delhi, Agra, Indore) have a greater range in temperature. Thiruvananthapuram (Cochin, Madras, Goa, Mangalore, Pondicherry) less range in temperature I. II. I. II. Lucknow has a greater range in temperature than Thiruvanthapuran because Lucknow is situated in the interior of the country and hence experience continent type of climate Lucknow is further from the equator Thiruvanthapuram is along the 'coast so it experiences the moderating influence of the sea therefore it has maritime climate. Thirvananthapuram is closer to the equator. As we go further away from the equator the Range in Temperature is more. 11) snow that falls in winter on the south facing slopes of the Himalayas melt more quickly the North facing slopes of the Himalayas slow melting. South facing slopes receive the sun's rays at a steeper angle hence this side is warm, as a result the snow melts. The North facing slopes receive indirect rays and hence it is colder and the snow will take a longer time to melt here. 12) Nainital (Ooty, Mussoorie, Shimla, Ranchi, Mahabieshwar,. Srinagar, Darjeeling, Shillong, Dalhousie.Panchmarhi) situated on a higher altitude Nanital is colder because it is further away from the equator. receives only indirect rays which are less intense and hence colder. Agra (Delhi, Nagpur, Bhopal, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mysore, coimbatore, Baroda, Ahmedabad) Agra is closer to the equator and hence receives the more direct rays and hence is warmer. 13) Punjab has three sources of rain I. II. III. S.W. Monsoon Arabian Sea Branch S.W.Monsoon Bay of Bengal Branch Westerly depression coming in from the Mediterranean Sea 14) The Hill Stations in the South (Nilgiris, Kodaikanal, Ooty) never experience snowfall although the temperatures fall to 0 C. This is because all these places lie in the Tropical Zone. they are close to the Equator the snowline (the line of perpetual snow) lies at a higher altitude at about 5000 m. above mean sea level. These hills are not so high (about 2800 m. approximately). Moreover, as these places are close to the Equator they receive the more direct rays of the sun, so the land is sufficiently heated and doesn't allow snowfall. 15) People in Hill stations in the Himalayas will have their house built on the South facing slopes (Nainital, Shimla, Mussoorie, Darjeeling). The houses will be on the south facing slopes because the Himalayas have an East West alignment and are in the Northern Hemisphere. The south facing slopes will get the more direct rays (vertical rays) hence they are warmer, while the northern slopes will get the slanting rays hence they are colder. 16) What is meant by : a)Pre-Monsoon Period A)It is the period Prior to the rainy season when the whole of India has high temperature resulting in Low Pressure centers. 17) Burst of Monsoon A)The Burst of Monsoon occurs in the southernmost state of Kerala - by the first week of June. This causes violent storms with heavy showers. The rain descends upon the parched earth in torrential downpours accompanied by Thunder and Lightning. Places East of the Western Ghats and the North of the Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills. . Places Pune, Bangalore / Dispur, Guwahati, Shillong. 18) Rain Shadow area . Places East of the Western Ghats and the North of the Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills. . Places - Pune, Bangalore / Dispur, Guwahati, Shillong. 19) 'Windward' area City - Bombay, Panaji, Mangalore, Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram Area: 1.Western side of the Western ghats, the West coast - Konkan, Kanara, Malabar Coast. 2.The Southern side of the Gharo Khasi Jaintia hills, Meghalaya .. 19) Which branch of the monsoon is more powerful? Why? A)The south West Monsoon Arabian Sea Branch is more powerful than the Bay of Bengal Branch because the total volume of this current is probably three times as great as that of the Bay of Bengal Current This-is due to two factors :The Arabian Sea is a larger sea than the Bay of Bengal. The entire Arabian Sea Branch goes over India whereas only a part, of the Bay of Bengal Branch enters India, the rest going towards Myanmar and Thailand. 20) The Tamil Nadu Coast and the Western Himalayas / Punjab / Haryana / Kashmir receive winter rainfall from different sources. What are these sources? Tamil Nadu receives rain from the N.E. Monsoons. Western Himalayas {Punjab / Haryana / Kashmir receive winter rain from the Westerly depression originating in the Mediterranean Sea/Atlantic Ocean} 30) In what months of the year does Tamil Nadu get its main rainfall ? A.)Tamil Nadu gets its main rainfall in the months December, January and February. 31) Name places that experience continentally. A)Agra, Delhi, Jaipur, Udaipur, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Pokaran, Bhopal, Meerut, Bareily, Amritsar, Lucknow,' Ludhiana, Indore, Patna,Kanpur, Chandigarh;" Nagpur, Hyderabad, Bikaner, Ajmer, Jabalpur, Mathura, Ambala and Varanasi." 32) Name the places that experience Oceanic / coastal / Insular maritime climate. A)Kandla, Okha, Dwarka, Porbandar, Diu, Bombay, Ratnagiri, Pariaji, Murmagao, Karwar, Mangalore, Cannanore, Calicut, Koehi, Thiruvananthapuram, Kanyakumari, Tuticorin, Nagapattinam, Pondicherry, Madras, Kakinanda, Vishakapatnam, HaldiCalcutta, Machilipatnam. . . 33) Name places on high altitudes. A)Darjeeling, Shillong, Shimla, Kulu, Manali, Mussorie, Srinagar, Nainital,Raniket, Ranchi, Kurseong, Ooty, Wellington, Panchmarhi, Mahableshwar, Lonavla, Khandala, Yercaud, Conoor, Abu, Munnar. 34) Why are Cochin (Kochi), Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrutn), Kanyakumari hot through out the year. A)They are hot throughout the year because they are close to the equator and they receive the direct rays of the sun throughout the year. 35) In what way are the monsoons similar to the Land and sea breeze? A. Both are caused due to the differential rate of heating and cooling of land and water. Both are caused because of the differences between the pressure of land and sea. Both reverse their direction periodically and derive their names accordingly 36) What is the chief cause of the tropical monsoon type of climate? A)The chief cause of the Tropical monsoon climate is the differential heating and cooling of the land and the water, and the resulting low pressure regions drawing in the winds. 37) a)hottest state - Rajasthan b)coldest state - Kashmir c)maximum rainfall - Meghalaya (Cherrapunji) / (Mawsynram) 38) What kind of rain does Punjab get in winter and in summer. Mention another region with similar rainfall. A)In summer Punjab gets - relief or orographical rain In winter Punjab gets - Cyclonic rainfall. Summer - T.N. gets relief or orographical Winter - T.N. gets cyclonic rainfall and orographical rainfall. 39) What happens as these winds travel up the Ganga Valley? A)As the south West Monsoon, Bay of Bengal branch travels up the Ganga Valley it sheds moisture and gives rain as it goes up. Lower Ganga gets the heaviest rain. Middle Ganga gets moderate rain and Upper Ganga gets the least. This is because the winds shed their moisture as they travel up the Ganga Valley. 40) Name (a) a cold desert (b) a hot desert (a) A cold desert - Ladakh in Kashmir (b) A hot desert- The Thar desert, Rajasthan 41) Calcutta receives about 145 cms of rainfall while Lahore only 45 cm by the S.W. Monsoon Bay of Bengal Branch. A)This is because Calcutta is situated in the Lower Ganga Valley the South West Monsoons Bay of Bengal Branch first pass through Calcutta giving it more rain and then the wind travels up the Ganga Valley and while it comes to the Upper Indus Valley where Lahore is, the amount of rainfall shed is less.

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