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PG Notes 2016 : Environmental Science (Jammu University (JU), Jammu Tawi)

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Manav Kohli
Jammu University (JU), Jammu Tawi
msc chemistry chemical sciences
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HOUSEHOLD DEMAND FOR CHILDREN--- A case study of village Mokhey of Jammu District, Jammu and Kashmir. A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ECONOMICS ASSISTANT PROF. ANIL KUMAR BHARTI (SUPERVISOR) DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU. SUBMITTED BY: SHEETAL RANI ROLLNO. 2700112 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Miss Sheetal Rani, Roll no. 2700112 of M.A Programme in Economics has worked for the present research work on Household demand for children - A case study of village Mokhey (District Jammu), under my supervision. She has fulfilled all the statuary requirements for the submission of the Dissertation for evaluation. It is further certified that: The dissertation embodies the work of candidate herself. The conduct of the candidate remained satisfactory, during the period of the present research work; and I recommend that the work is worthy of consideration for the fulfilment of the of the partial requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts in Economics. Assistant Prof. Anil Kumar Bharti (Supervisor) Department of Economics Central University of Jammu Prof:R.L.Bhat Head Department of Economics Central University of Jammu Acknowledgment It is my humble duty to feel my gratitude and indebtedness to everyone concerned to my present work. I express my deep sense of gratitude to Assistant Prof. Mr Anil Kumar Bharti, Department of Economics, Central University of Jammu, for his guidance, encouragement, and invaluable suggestions throughout the work. I express my sincere thanks to Head of the Prof. R.L Bhat, Department of Economics, Central University of Jammu and Assistant Prof. Shaveta Kohli, Assistant Prof. Anil Kumar Bharti, Assistant Prof. Rajesh Kumar, Assistant Prof. Eisar -ul - Ayoub , Assistant Prof. Susanta Nag and Assistant prof. Preeti Gupta for providing department facilities during the course of study, and directly or indirectly helped me in the completion of this research work. My acknowledgment would really be incomplete, if I don t express my sincerest thanks to the residents of Village Mokhey who willingly cooperated me in collecting the required data and information. It is my pleasant duty to thanks my classmates and friends and for their selfless help. Above all, my deepest gratitude goes to my parents for their infinite patience and loving encouragement in all walks of my life. Sheetal Rani INTRODUCTION The family with children is the only place in the world where a person can feel comfortable and happy. A child is the future of the mankind. Having children gives a person special incentives to succeed in life. Since the origins of the mankind on this planet Earth,Children are assumed to be the real assets of a family. Children are assumed to produce future services to their parents and are a source of satisfaction for them. Most of the parents demand children because of the following reasons : Old age security. Provide economic gain in future. Procreation. Emotional support . Continuing family name. For performing last rites. So, households demand children in order to acquire all these benefits but this demand may vary depending upon whether the country is rich or poor, whether parents are literate or illiterate,whether women are economically and socially empowered . Following Becker, A couple's demand for children is treated as similar to the demand for goods and services. In particular, demand depends on household income, on the cost (price) of children, and on parents' tastes or preferences for children relative to other goods and services that provide satisfaction (utility) to the couple. Other things equal, higher income is expected to be associated with a greater demand for children. A couple's natural fertility and the chances of child survival affect the supply of children. Natural fertility refers to the number of births a couple would have if they took no action aimed at limiting fertility behavior. Cultural differences in behaviors that influence the likelihood of a birth can lead to differences in natural fertility between different natural fertility populations. Women are generally considred as the vulnerable section in the patriarchical set up of the society and generally less empowered and hence they have negligible rights to decide about the number of children. It is due to the fact that there is a family pressure upon women to decide the number of children. Parents demand children because they think that their children act as a security assets and insurance for them. The preference for children are also affected by uncertainty of future income. As parental income rises fertility decreases because with the increase of income parents wants to spend it on the small number of children in providing better education,better health facilities and better nutrition rather than more number of children and lack of all these facilities . Households can increase their production of child services either by increasing no. of children (quantity) or by increasing the resource investment (quality) in existing children. It is generally seen that there is variation in preference for children in rural-urban areas. The argument is that farm children are financial assets for their parents but city children are not. Therefore, farm families will desire more number of children than households in urban areas, other things being equal. Farm children are considered as helping hands by their parents in agricultural and allied activities. Education of parents is the most important factor in determining the number of children. Educated people usually intend to marry later and hence their fertility period almost on the verge of extinction. Therefore ,they are less capable to produce children. As educated couples have greater access to fertility control information and aware of methods of contraception from unwanted pregnancies. They have completely planned fertility and are less likely to have excess fertility or unwanted births. Reduction in fertility can occur with an improvement in a wide range of socio-economic conditions such as access to family planning services, the provision of health care and a reduction of child mortality, greater employment opportunity for women and above all the education of women and the promotion of female literacy. How women s education contribute to lower the family size : Education improves work oppurtunities for women that makes them self dependents in determining the desired fertitlity. Education and literacy make women more receptive to information and contraception. Education and employment delay marriage and the time available to rear children. Education improves the status, bargaining power and independence of women, encouraging and enabling them to make their own choices regarding their family planning. There are various factors that affect the demand for children: Education of the parents: Education of the parents is playing an important role, as illiterate or uneducated parents they prefer for quantity child. .An educated parents prefer for quality child. Preference for male child: There is preference for male child in some families. They considered male child as a assets for their family. So, it also affects fertility. Low status of women: A women usually enjoys a low status relative to all members of her husband s extended family which is prominent usually by attainment of high fertility. Early marriage: Women in rural areas get early marriage, so its leads to higher fertility. Cost of rearing children:The cost of rearing children also affetcts the demand for more children. Thus if cost rises the demand for children decreases. So families prefers to go for small size and better fed family size or less number of children due to the high rearing cost of childrens. Poverty: Poor parents demand more children for their financial support.poverty is one of the cause of over population in the under developed countries because poverty fears them of old age insecurity due to weak financial setup. So in order to have secured life poor people go for more children.but now the trend got changed . Family income: As the income of the family increase, there is less tendency of old age insecurity.so there is less desire to have more chidren.families preferences differs as their income is concerned,a rich family demands less children because they have less or no future or old age insecurity as compare to the low income families. Demand for children and supply of children are likely to change as modernization and development, typically associated with increasing urbanization and education of the population, would be expected to result eventually in declines in the number of children demanded, and hence emergence of quality-quantity trade-offs. In developing countries the demand for children are concerned as the family preference for male child as the earning hands of their family, as they act as financial support. Due to low level of income they jointly work as child-labor, carpenter, waiter etc in the developing countries like Pakistan, India, and other poor countries. People desire more male child because of their social and economic interest. Most of developing countries are characterized by poverty and illiteracy. Therefore, the chances of mortality rate are higher, where parents produce more children they actually desired. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM In our research process it is very important to define the research problem. The present study is an attempt to find out the household demand for children. There are various direct and indirect problems which affect household demand for children, supply of children, cost of fertility regulation. The demand for children in developing countries is more because of strong preference for male child as an earning hand in the family as providing financial support to the family . Girls are cosidered as burden on the family resulted in female infanticide, discrimination against daughters and son-selective abortion which leads low number of female as compare to male. Due to this fact child sex ratio is declining. Son preference is expressed differently in different classes and also the poor household are more likely to desire a greater no. of sons as compared to rich household. The effect of presence of son over daughter is due to lower income and where poverty rate is high. It is clear from the study that women are generally considred as the vulnerable section in the patriarchical set up of the society and generally less empowered and hence they have negligible rights to decide about the number of children. It is due to the fact that there is a family pressure upon women to decide the number of children. AREA UNDER STUDY JAMMU AND KASHMIR PROFILE Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) is the northern most state in India. It is surrounded on the north by Afghanistan and China, on the east by China, on the south by the state of Himachal Pradesh and the state of Punjab in India, and on the west by the North-West Frontier Province and the Punjab Province of Pakistan. J&K covers an area of 222,236 sq km (85,805 sq mi). LOCATION The state of J&K is strategically located in the north-west corner of India. It shares its borders with china in the east, Pakistan in the West, Afghanistan and Russian in the North and plains of Punjab and Himachal in the south and south-east. POSITION The state of J&K stretches between 32 - 17' N to 37 - 05' North latitude and 72 - 31' E to 80 20' East longitude. From North to South, it extends 640 kms in length and from East to West over 480 kms in breadth. Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions: Jammu, the Kashmir valley and ladakh. Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu is the winter capital. Although the kashmir valley is famous for its beautiful mountain landscape. Jammu s numerous shrines attract tens of thousands of hindu pilgrims every year. Ladakh also known as little Tibet is renowed for its remote mountain beauty and cold desert.Jammu and Kashmir has been famous for its natural beauty since time immemorial and has been aptly described as "heaven on earth". The state has some of the best tourist spots in the entire country. Tourists from not only India but also the world over come to enjoy the scenic beauty of the state. The tourism industry has greatly benefited the state economy. Some of the major tourist attractions in the state are Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Leh, Patnitop, and Ladakh. The city of Jammu is popularly known as the City of temples. Srinagar is famous for its lakes and houseboats while Kashmir, known for its scenic natural beauty and rich cuisine is quite popular among tourists and Buddhist culture. . These three divisions are further divided into 22 districts. They are Anantnag, Badgam, Bandipora, Baramulla, Doda, Ganderbal, Jammu, Kargil, Kathua, Kishtwar, Kupwara, Kulgam, Leh, Poonch, Pulwama, Rajouri, Ramban, Reasi, Samba, Shopian, Srinagar and Udhampur. The state has 2 Municipal Corporations, 9 Municipal Councils and 21 Municipal Boards. Distribution of Geographical Area. Total Geographical Area = 2,22,236 sq. kms Area under illegal occupation of Pakistan = 78,114 sq. kms Area illegally handed over to China by Pakistan = 5,180 sq. kms Area under illegal occupation of China = 37, 555 sq. Kms PROFILE OF JAMMU DISTRICT Jammu, popularly known as city of temples is the second largest city of the northern Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and is also its winter capital. This holy city is located along River Tawi in the foot hills of the Himalayas. Jammu offers the widest diversity of terrain and beauty. The entire region is pocketed with lakes and valleys. Geography : Jammu is located at 32.73 N 74.87 E. It has an average elevation of 327 m (1,073 ft). Jammu city lies at uneven ridges of low heights at the Shivalik hills. It is surrounded by Shivalik range to the north, east and southeast while the Trikuta Range surrounds it in the north-west. It is approximately 600 kilometres (370 mi) from the national capital, New Delhi. Climate : Jammu, like the rest of north-western India, features a humid subtropical climate (K ppen: Cwa), with extreme summer highs reaching 46 C (115 F), and temperatures in the winter months occasionally falling below freezing. June is the hottest month with average highs of 40.6 C (105.1 F), while January is the coldest month with average lows reaching 7 C (45 F). In winter dense smog causes much inconvenience and temperature even drops to 2 C (36 F). In summer, particularly in May and June, extremely intense sunlight or hot winds can raise the mercury to 46 C (115 F). Jammu city census 2011 data Jammu city overview: Jammu city is governed by municipal corporation which comes under jammu metropolitan region. As per provisional report of census India, population of Jammu in 2011 is 15,29,958; of which male and female are 8,13,821 and 7,16,137 respectively. In education section, total literacy rate is 83.45% in jammu District , for males and female it is 89.08 % and 77.13% respectively. With regard to sex ratio in Jammu it stood at 880 female per 1000 male. And the child sex ratio is 795 girls per 1000 boys and the children under 06 are 1,67,363 . Jammu district has a decadal population growth of 12.74% (2001-2011). According to the census 2011, 50% of people live in the urban region of the district, or 7,65,013 people live in urban areas of which male are 4,12,218 and female are 3,52,795. 50% population of the district live in rural areas or in villages 7,64,945 people live in villages of which male and female are 4,01, 603 and 3,63,342 respectively. In Jammu District there are 4 Tehsils, 8 Blocks, 13 Towns, 771 villages, 296 panchayats, 162 patwar Halqa and 26 Niabats. ABOUT R.S PURA TEHSIL R S Pura is a Tehsil in Jammu District of J&K state ,India. R S Pura Tehsil head Quarter is R S Pura town.It is located 21 km towards south from District head Quarter Jammu, 192 km from state summer capital Srinagar. R S Pura Tehsil is bounded by Khour towards north - west, Bishnah towards north- east,Satwari towards north,Purmandal towards east . Jammu city, samba and Kathua towns near by to R S Pura. R S Pura consists of 59 Villages and 59 Panchayats. It is in the 333m elevation (altitude). This place is located at the border of Jammu District and Samba District. DEMOGRAPHICS OF R. S PURA TEHSIL : Dogri is the native language here . People speaks Punjabi and hindi.Total population of the R. S Pura Tehsil is 179,613 living in 34,390 houses, spread across total 59 villages and 59 panchayats.Total14,324 persons live in town and 165,289 lives in rural area. WEATHER AND CLIMATE OF R. S PURA TEHSIL : It has hot and humid climate in summer .R S Pura summer average day s temperature is lying between 24 c to 44 c. Average temperature of winter season lies between 15 c to 25 c. January is the coldest month in winter. HOW TO REACH R S PURA TEHSIL : BY RAIL : R.S Pura tehsil is not connected with rail line yet. However, Jammu Tawi railway station is major railway station 20 km far away from R S Pura. PIN CODE OF R S PURA :181102 SCHOOLS IN R S PURA :The main schools in R S Pura Tehsil are : Stephen international public school Aryan public school Model institute of edu. Kirpind National public H. S Mouralian ABOUT MOKHEY VILLAGE The present study is carried out at Mokhey village in R S Pura Tehsil. In this village, there are 157 estimated households as per census 2011. Total population of this village is 738. Panchayat of mokhey village is Badyal Qazian. In this village main occupation of the people is farming . They earn their livelihood from primary sector like agriculture , rearing of livestock etc.Banking facility are also available there.J&k Grameen Bank located at a distance of 2km from village.Literacy rate of this village is 71%. Government school upto class eight available in the village premises .Many students from the village did extremely well in their academics.There are also two ICDS centres available.The village is also covered under RGGVY [Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyayueetcran Yojana]. Near by places : Indo pak railway line before (1947) [Disfunctional Jammu to Sialkot railway line] 1.6 km. Faculty of veterinary sciences and animal husbandry (SKAUST- J 3.3 km. MAIN PROBLEMS OF THE VILLAGE :The main problems which are face by people in this village are as given below : Interrupted supply of Electricity . Non installation of street lights . No dispensary with in the village . Non availability of communicationNetwork . No permanent drainage and poor sanitation facility. Transportation problem. Shortage of secondary and higher secondary educational institutions in the village. CONCEPTS MEANING AND DEFINITIONS A clear definition of various concepts is important for understanding of the study. Certain concepts which have been used in this study are as given below: Household/family: A household is consists of a group of related or unrelated members who have a common kitchen. Nuclear family :A family group consisting of husband ,wife and their unmarried children . Joint family :It includes a married couple , their children , parents in law, brother or sister in law . Marital status: A person s marital status indicates whether the person is married, unmarried, widow, widower, divorced or separated. Married : The state of being united to a person of the opposite sex as husband or wife in a contractual relationship recognised by law. Unmarried:Person who is not married or related to unmarried state or a state of being single. Divorced:It means when either of the party approach the court or follows some other legal method claiming that relations between the couple has so much distruped that it is impossible for them to lead a married life as husband and life and a request is made that the marriage be legally dissolved, it invitably leads to divorced. Separation:When a husband and wife do not live togather and they have no marital relations that is called separations. Widow:A female whose husband has died is called widow. Spouse:The word spouse refers to a person s partner in marriage. It can denote either the husband or the wife. Educational status :It indicates whether a person is literate or illiterate. Literate :A person who can read, write and understand the meaning of a sentence in any language. Illiterate : A person who is not able to read, write and understand the meaning of a sentence in any language. Occupation : occupation means the profession adopted by people to earn their livelihood. Main occupation : It is the occupation from which a person is getting handfull of salary to meet their maximum needs . Government job : The public sector refers to the part of the economy cocerned with providing various government services. Public sector includes police public education , public health etc along with health care and those working for the government itself, such as elected officials. Private job : Businesses and organizations that are not part of the public sector are part of the private sector and their main aim is to maximise profit . Farming :Farming is growing crops or keeping animals by people for food and raw material. Farming is a part of agriculture . Self employed :Self employment is the act of generating one s income directly from customers, clients or other organisation as opposed to being an eployee of a business. Self employed person generally find their own work rather than provided by any other . Wage employed :Wage employed includes any salaried or paid job under contract written or not, to another person, organisation or enterprise in both the formal and informal economy. Housewife :A housewife is a woman whose main occupation are cooking, buying goods for the family needs in day to day life ,cleaning and maintaining the houseand caring of their family members. Student :A student is a learner or attend any educational institution . Job : a job is a regular activity performed in exchange for payment . Full time job : It is a job in which a minimum number of hours defined as such by his/her employer. Full time job are often cosidered earners . They generally pay more than part time jobs, and usually carry more hours per week. Part time job : A part time job refers to an employment position or job posting where in fewer hours are put in per week by an individual than a full time job . Students, elderly citizens and others avail of part time job opportunities to earn primary incomes . Creche: It refers to care of another's offspring, for instance in a colony. Subsidiary occupation : Subsidiary occupation refers to to that occupation in which a person is employed other than main occupation. Eg. A person is government employee which is also angaged in farming etc. Unemployed :When a person is willing and capable to do the job but he does not find the job, he is said to be unemployed . Respondent : Respondent means one who gives answer or response to a communication made by another. In our present study, we choose an ever married woman who is above 15 years and below 49 years of age as a respondant from the family. Procreation: It refers to the sexual act of bearing an offspring. However, not all creatures can procreate; others might have generic disorders or even physical challenges that might hinder them from begetting an offspring. Social stigma: It is the extreme disapproval of (or discontent with) a person or group on socially characteristic grounds that are perceived, and serve to distinguish them, from other members of a society. Stigma may then be affixed to such a person, by the greater society, who differs from their cultural norms. Emotional distress: It refers to mental anguish and suffering. According to the United States, such mental distress can be grounds to recover remedies when it is caused by certain actions inflicted by another individual, although such actions generally need to be intentional or negligent for damages to be awarded. There are many things that a person can experience that can be categorized as emotional distress, including fear, shock, and indignity. Urban area : An urban area is characterised by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it . Urban area may be a town or cities . Rural raea : The census of india considered those area as rural where the population is under 5000 and the density of population less than 400 per sq. Km. Religion : A religion is a organised collection of beliefs, cultural systems and world views that relate an order of humanity to an order of existence. Caste : It may be defined as a small and named group of persons characterised by hereditary membership and specific style of life . Above poverty line [APL] :Those individual who are not covered under BPL and antyodaya scheme are having the APL cards. Under this scheme the people are not under the subsides scheme. This is to make the basic necessity of life within the grasp of all the citizens. Below poverty line [BPL] :The scheme targets the really poor and vulnerable section of the society such as landless labour, marginal farmers and wage earners of the informal section of the economy . Household having BPL are issued rice, sugar , kerosene on subside price. Antyodaya ration card : These ration cards are mainly issued to such families who are totally poor and disable like handicape , widows etc. Kuccha house : Kuccha houses are made up of mud, bamboo , leaves by the villagers in villages. These houses are not very strong. Pucca house : The pucca houses rae those houses which are made up of bricks, cement , stone like material. Actually, pucca housing refers to dwelling that are designed to be a solid and permanent. Semi Pucca: Semi pucca house is defined as house made up of not complete concrete roof & flour but having composition of mud cement, iron rod, steel & wood. Juggi / Jumpdi / Tent : It is made up of bamboo sticks, leaves, straw etc for temporary basis. Rented house : A house that is not owned by any member of a family. A family living in a house on an agreement and pays monthly or annually for living that house . Owned house : A house that is owned by any member of a family and they do not pay any cost for it . Government accomodation : Those houses which are provided by the government to the government employees , migrants , and poor people . They do not pay for that or pay lesser amount. Water sealed toilet facility : It is the type of toilet facility where water is flushed or pour into the bowl , a small amount of water is left into the bowl and seals the bottom of the bowl from the pipe . Pit toilet facility : It is the type of toilet facility without water sealed. Age : Age has been defined as the number of years completed by a person of his life . Immunization : Children s vaccination , childhood vaccination it is recommended that all children recieve vaccination against tetanus , diphtheria, polio , measles etc. DPT Vaccine : refers to a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans ;diphtheria , pertussis (whooping cough) and tetnus. Polio vaccine : The polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat poliomyelitis ( or polio). Measles vaccines : It is a highly effective vaccine used against measles. The vaccine acts by stimulating the adaptive immune response and provides long term proctetion against the diseases . Hepatitis A vaccine : It is a vaccine against the hepatitis A virus. There are two types of vaccines one type contain inactivated hepatitis A virus, the other contains a live but attenuated virus. Both types stimulate active immunity against a future infection . Planned pregnancy:It means how a couple can prepare for pregnancy ,how conception occurs and how they can improve their chances of getting pregnant. Unplanned pregnancy: These are the pregnancies that are mis timed , unplalnned, or unwanted at the time of conception. Contraceptive: contraception involves various means and methods one can use to avoid becoming pregnent . The most common method is sterilization and other method are male sterilization , spacing method etc.. Male sterilization:Male sterlization is the procedure performed on a male that will permanently keep out female from being able to get pregnant. Female sterlization:Female sterlization is a permanent method of contraception involving a minor operation cut or block a women s fallopian tube. Pills :Birth control pills are a kind of medication that women can take daily to prevent pregnancy. Miscarriage: It is the natural death of an embryo or foetus in the womb. It takes place in the early stages of prenatal development prior to fetal viability (the stage of potential independent survival). Among women who know they are pregnant, the miscarriage rate is roughly 1520% and it is the most common complication of early pregnancy in humans. Live birth: A live birth is the birth of child who showed any sign of life at the time of birth. Child mortality: The probability of dying between the exact age one and fifth birthday. Female foeticide: it is the act of aborting a foetus because it is female . Female infanticide: it is the delibrate killing of new born female children. Antenatal check ups: During pregnancy , there will be offered a range of tests, including blood tests, and ultra sound scans. These tests are desighn to help make the pregnancy safer, sheck and asses the developement and well being of mother and here baby , ans screen for particular condition. Postnatal check up: those check ups which are made by the women after baby s birth to make sure that she feel well and are recovering properly. JSY [ JANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA] :janani suraksha yojana is a indian government scheme proposed by government of india. It was launched on 12 march 2005by the prime minister of india .It aim to decrease the neo- natal and maternal death happening in the country by promoting institutional delivery of babies. PNDT Act: Pre- Natal Diagnostic technique Act 1994 is an act to control female foeticide. METHODOLOGY Research is a systematized body of knowledge and research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem . The realibility and validity of research finding depends upon methodological framework employed. A methodology is usually a guideline system for solving a problem with specific components such as phases, task, methods, techniques and tools. It is the analysis of principle of methods, rules and postulates employed by a discipline. In simple words, we can say that it is a study or description of methods . Various methods are used while conducting the research. THE RESEARCH STUDY: The present study is based on the household demand for children carried out at Mokhey village in R.S pura ,Tehsil of Jammu district. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY :Through this study we know that why some household have more demand for children and some have less demand.There are many factors which affect the demand for children like occupation, education, poverty, and other socio and economic factors. This study explains whether there is male dominance or equal preference or no preference with respect to household demand for children. We also want to find out whether households prefer quality children or quantity children. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY :The main objectives of the study are as given below : To identify the household demand for children in the study area . To analyse the level of decision making process among women in the matter concerning their fertility and children. To determine the constraint and pressure of having children in household . To examine the social, political, economic cultural and demographic factors which influence the demand for children in the household. To know the role of female education in family planning. To know whether there is male preference , equal preference or no preference with respect to household demand for children. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY : The study is based on following hypotheses: 1. There has been fall in the demand for children as the education level of the household rises. 2. The socio-economic status of the household has a significant impact on the demand for children. SAMPLE DESIGN: The village Mokhey comprises of about 157 households and we selected 51 households by using random sampling . TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES: The present study is quantitative in nature. Self made schedule is prepared for getting information pertaining to household demand for children. Under this study, I surveyed 51 households in Mokhey village , Tehsil Ranbir Singh Pura . COLLECTION OF THE DATA : The present study is based on primary data collected from each household relating to various parameters of household demand for children, through well designed and structured schedule. Data were collected/gathered personally by using interview method. THE DETAILS OF PRIMARY DATA POINTERS ARE GIVEN BELOW : Demographic features (age , education, marital status) Assets holding and ownership rights (land holding , productive and non productive assets) Income patterns Expenditures patterns Basic amenities ANALYSIS OF DATA: The primary data we have collected through random sampling method is analysed through different tables generated by SPSS computer software. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY: This study has been suffered from several flaws viz., majority of respondents have shown artificial behaviour while interviewing by the researcher because the researcher is not well versed with the native language and socio-cultural habits of the respondents. The sample size is not adequate to generalise the results because each household has different socio-economic status, thinking, educational background and culture. we cannot conclude results mere on the basis of such a small sample. REVIEW OF LITERATURE A literature review is a text written by someone to consider the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It is process of reading, analyzing, evaluating and summarizing scholarly material about a specific topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. Its main goals are to situate the current study within the body of literature and to provide context for a particular reader. Literature review helps in the conceptual clarity. CLAUS CHR. PORTNER (1999) Describes in his study that children can act as a security asset when insurance and credit markets are either absent or poorly functioning with uncertain future income and child survival and a discrete representation of the number of children three main result emerge. First for risk averse households the number of birth is decreasing in the survival probability for realistic values of the survival probability. Secondly a higher expected future income leads to alower number of birth. Thirdly, for a given expectation of future income the number of birth in period is increasing as in income. With respect to the policies implications of the above result , any policy that could reduce the variability of income or raise the level of income or both would be beneficial to the household and reduce fertility . The same would be the case with reliable state intervention in the time crisis, more secure property right and access to an impartial and well functioning judicial system. Better health care will also improve the situation of the household by reducing the risk of incapacitating illness and lowering infant and child mortality. The reduced risk of illness would reduce the need for insurance and hence children and at the same time improve the quality of life for the parents. Policies that create more opportunities for women specially by raising their earning capacity, would also lead to lower fertility improve welfare. GARY S. BECKER AND H.G LEWIS (1960) explained that There may be some special relationship between the number (quantity) of children ever born to a family and the quality of their children as perceived by others if not by the parents. It is argued that the negative relationship between quantity and quality often observed is a consequence of a low substitution elasticity in a family s utility function between parents consumption or level of living and that of other children. The interaction between quantity and quality as well as on quantity or quality alone without assuming that, either in the utility function or in household production, quantity and quality are more closely related than any two commodities chosen at random. The key feature of this analysis is that the shadow price of children with respect to their number is greater the higher their quality is. Similarly, the shadow price of children with respect to their quality is greater, the greater the number of children. The economic interpretation is that an increase in quality is more expensive if there are more children because the increase has to apply to more units; similarly, an increase in quantity is more expensive if the children are of higher quality, because higher quality children cost more increase in the education of mother has a strong positive effect on the quality and a strong negative effect on the number of their children, and the common belief that important advances in birth control knowledge not only reduce the number of children but also increase the quality. ROBERT T. MICHAEL (1973) tries to explain the correlation between households and parents education and their fertility he utilize the emerging economic theory of households behavior in order to explain this correlation. In this paper he tries to find out the mechanism through which a male and female level of education might affect their fertility and to absorb this mechanism as an aspect of fertility control he has taken the data from nfs 1965 to support this argument and used utility function, production function to explain this argument. He found that the observe affects of the husband and wife s education on the use of contraceptive are often not large and not statically significant .he conclude that parents education have a negative impact on the fertility . The study suggest that more unwanted children has loss to more educated male and female because they can make better efforts to prevent cost, timing and quantity failure . SUSAN H. COCHRANE AND FRANK D. BEAN (1976) has tries to explain the husband wife differences in determining the demand for children. For this purpose they have taken economic variables like wife potential wage , her current labour force participation which affect the husband demand for desired size of the family . They tried to analyze this through economic model of fertility assumes that demand for children is determined by income, the price of children and the price of other good. The economic model of fertility hypothesized a positive relationship the ability the afford children and demand for children and negative relationship between child price and value of wife time . They collect primary data by separately for both the husband and wives by taking their interview . They found that education has a great impact on desired fertility for women than for man . The study suggest that potential wage of the wife has considerable impact on husband desired family size; if wife has a role in fertility decision making PAUL W. TURKE (1989) study of The result reveals that change in the human fertility occurs through change in three variables that are supply of children, demand for children and cost of fertility regulation, it is now widely argued that change in the demand for children is the prime move behind the large and enduring decline in fertility and in completed family size. Further the writer emphasize that when people from traditional societies are given an opportunity to enter to the economies of developed societies. They do so willingly because the urban resident are socially and economically more successful in the perspective of their family decision as the people enters modern economics kinship network breakdown, increased opportunity cost of rearing children while opportunity themselves proliferate. So these factor combination with a decrease kinship based resource control have been hypothised to lead to reduce demand for children in the modern society. So the resources, society and kinship based family structure are the determinant factor for household demand for children. MASON OPPENHEIM KAREN (1987)In this paper he tries to examine that the various possible ways in which the extent of women s autonomy, her economic independency and other aspect of her position in relation to men influences fertility in developing countries . Women autonomy affect the supply of children primarily by affecting the age at marriage, and economic independence leads to low rates of remarriage thus reducing fertility . Finally it is being concluded that greater the gender equality of sexes the greater participation of women in fertility decision making and greater the gender inequality lesser will be decision making power regarding the desired fertility decision. Hence the social status of women determines the behaviour of household CHOUDHARY HUDA RAFI (1979) in this paper he tries to explain the relationship between female labour force status and fertility behaviour particularly in developing countries of the world. Female participation in labour participation will be inversely related to fertility and positively to the uses of contraception because a women working outside have some income and she attains economic independence which in turn improves the decision making power with regard to the marriage, fertility and so on . He found that fertility rate of women in the labour force is lower than that of non-working women. He suggest that providing employment to rural poor women in the traditional sector will not only improve their personal and family income but also motivate to limit their fertility through wider uses of contraception s. DONALD (1974) in his paper economic determinants of family size in west Africa indicates that both income and prices are important determinants of family size. The study is an attempt to test the ability of economic forces to explain variation in number of birth among families. The researcher took the sample of 717 urban household from the western area of Sierra Leone. The theory analysis that Sierra Leonean births respond positively to increases in permanent income and negatively to increase in the price of a child is confirmed. And secondly, quality per children is positively rather than negatively related to number of births in Sierra Leone., thirdly, child mortality has a strong positive influence on number of births, and fourth life- cycle variables are important determinants of number of birth. Finally, the labour force participation of the Sierra Leonean wife has an unexpectedly positive relationship to number of births. The study revealed that income and prices affect family size. EMILY AND JILL (2001) determine that household fertility decision is important to implementing effective policy to slow population growth. The researcher based their empirical studies of this decision on household models in which men and women are assumed to act as if they have same preferences for the number of children. For this study researchers used the data sources in the form of questionnaire administered to 70,777 Brazilian households by the National Statistical Service .In the survey, the sample is limited to the married couple households in which the women is under age 50. In this paper they test the relevance of the single preference model by investigating whether men and women s non wage income have the same effect in the household, and it has been found that increase in both men and women income lower the no. of children in the household. If the income of the women increases its impact on fertility decision is more as compare to men with the low level of education of women. The study also depict that increase in non wage income of female played an effective role in the fertility decision , because when the income increase women wants to spend more on their children s health, education as compare to men. Thus the paper suggests that less educated women can also decrease the family size an decrease the standard of their family. GARY S.BECKER [1992]This study shows that the demand for children depends upon parental income and the cost of rearing children-especially to the value of the time spent on child care and to public policies that change the cost of the children .This study also links the demand for children to invest in their human capital and other dimension of the so- called quality, uncertainty about the sex of children-if there is preference for boys, girls ,or for variety-uncertainty about how long it takes to produce a conception, and other variables. Since biological necessity dictates that succeeding generations overlap, it is not surprising that fertility in one generation influences the fertility of succeeding generations. The overlapping generations approach provides a useful framework for relating fertility choices to population growth and macroeconomic changes. The modern approach to fertility leads to very different interactions between population growth and economic group than is implied either by Malthusian or the usual neo-classical growth model. In particular, it provides a framework for analyzing how societies escape a Malthusian-like stagnating equilibrium and embarks on the journey toward becoming modern economies, where per capita incomes, human capital, and physical capital all continue to grow, fertility declines rather low levels, and married women participate extensively in the labour force. MARK R. ROSENZWEIG (1977) The theory of household extended by explicitly recognizing two roles of children which change relative importance over time - as commodities which yield psychic income and as productive productive labourers theory providing a general framework applicable to rural agricultural population. It is shown that price of time and income effects derived from this extended framework differ from those obtained in urban fertility models which neglect the productive role of children and, more importantly, that changes in the market for farm labour and in the determinants of rural-urban migration are influenced in the family size decisions of farm families . Evidence suggests that in nonfarm employment opportunities contributed to the decline in the demand for farm children because of loss by the farm family of the valuable services of mature farm children. Agricultural wage rates and farm birth rates appears to be positively correlated, but increase in farm size or value appear to increase the value of time of farm wives and thus to depress to fertility. The result obtained suggest, however, that further theoretical and empirical explanation of the time allocation of children and other family member in farm household, and market activities over the lifecycle may lead to a better understanding of the role and motivation for children in rural agricultural areas, particularly in less developed countries. DENNIS N. DE TRAY (1972)An already sizable portion of such effort has been directed towards the determinants of desired fertility and family size. The degree to which pure economic theory can, or cannot, predict changes in complete fertility. The major emphasis of this study is the way in which households produce the household commodity child services . Households can increase their production of child services either by increasing number of children [quantity] or by increasing the resource investment [quality] in existing children . Quantity and quality are postulated to be substituted in the household s production function for child services . Male and female earnings have very different effect on quality per child. The strength and size of the positive male earnings coefficient makes its theoretical interpretation suspect. Male time is used more heavily in quantitative than quality production. The more resources invested in a child, the more likely that child is to survive. But the more resources a household invest in children, the higher the quality of those children. Thus infant mortality and expected school expenditures may both measure child quantity; it is not surprising, therefore, that they are strongly related. The very tentative finding argued that female education increases the relative efficiency with which child quality is produced, thereby reducing its effective real price and, second, that the derived income elasticity s for number of children and for child quality appears to be equal. This theory does not predict the behavior of rural and race measures are consistent with the hypothesis that there is little difference in taste for child quality either between rural and urban residents or between whites and non whites. CYNTHIA K. DRENOVSKY [1994] This study investigates the relative impact of two variables, schooling and children s labour , on fertility decline. These two theories are the part of several variables which assert that decline in fertility can take place due to the introduction of schooling for children and child labour increases the economic value of children. From a sample of seventy one developing countries it was founded that primary education reduces fertility and child labour increases fertility. Hence, the schooling of young children is important for reducing the child labour and in the turn reduces fertility as a whole. ALI MUBASHIR SYED (1995) the study reveals that most of the Pakistani women are generally least empowered and hence they have negligible rights to decide about the number of their children. It is due to the fact that there is a family pressure upon women to decide the number of children .According to the Pakistan demographic and health survey, over 54percent of the women wanted to stop having children but in practice 12 percent were found using contraception for the desired family size. It is because most of the Pakistani women are employed in low paid jobs. So, the researcher suggests that it is essential to produce conducive environment to exercise their right according to their own will. BOONE A TURCHI, BALLINGE [1975] Children are viewed as competing with other consumption activities as source of parental satisfaction and parents assumed to maximize utility, subject to resources constraints, the prices of market time. In this context, the price of children, the value of the time and money invested in child rearing activities, as well as the potential a life time income of parents become important determinants of cross sectional fertility differentials. An important objective of study is to derive new estimates of children; consisting of the sum of time costs and money costs. Parents in urban middle class families stressed emotional or psychological benefits as important reasons for having children. These benefits include the happiness and companionship derived from the presence of children made to their own personal development. In the rural groups children were expected to provide help around the home. Their contribution to family income and potential contribution to old age security. The family with children is the only place in the modern world where a person can feel comfortable and happy. having children gives a person special incentives to succeed in life. JHON BRYANT [march 2007] analysed the impact of socio economic , demand and adjustment theories of fertility decline focus on changes in socio and ceconomic conditions that give couple incentives to limit their fertility . This study mainly focus on the appearance and spread of new innovations for limiting fertility. A primary source of evidence in this debate has been cross national data on indicators of fertility and development such as literacy and gross domestic product per capita. The three proposition about the relationship between fertility and development indicators. Fertility declines in countries with low scores on development indicators cannot be explained by socio economic theories. The relationship between fertility and development indicator is weeks than predicted by socio-economic theories. The relationship between fertility and development indicators has shifted because of the diffusion of new ideas. The fertility decline in poor countries does expose the limits to some socioeconomic explanation and many scholars have claimed that the relationship between fertility and development indicators is weak. It argues that fertility decline in countries with low development scores can. Theories of fertility declines shows that is their any relationship between fertility and development indicators and the relationship between two has been shifting overtime. The most natural explanations for their tendency is that new contraceptive technology and new ideas about family limitation have diffused across the region. T.PAUL SCHULTZ (1997) Explained that Children are assumed to be a source of satisfication for parents, or they may also produced future service that parents value, and their children consume resources that have alternative uses. addition parents must have same ,albiet imperfect control over how many children they have. one empirical generalisation that fits most societies is that the opportunity value of a mother time in child bearing and rearing exceeds the value of mother time in put to children as a share of total opportunity cost of producing children called mother time intensity exceed her time intensity in the production of other goods. as an empirical observation virtually all cross sectional study of fertility have found fertility to br inversely related to women wage or the most common proxy for wages .in low income countries people are more engaged in agricultural sector and they needed more children for sharing their work children also contribute some work in the low income countries .cost of children in rural agricultural countries is less as compared to the urban ones fertility clearly tend to be higher in the agricultural than in urban. In low income countries there is a lack of medical facilities so the mortality rate is higher and there is the covatriation between mortality and fertility. GORDEN B BAHL AND ENRICO MOREETI (2007) Parents have preferences over the gender of their children. the efeect of having a girl on family structure and fertility behaviour in the US it reveal that family having girl has significant effectsmarriage and shotgun marriage when the sex of the child is known before birth ,divorceand fertiliity.this study shows that child gender effects the martial status and fertility decision of american parents and that there are serous negative effects for children on the households with first born girl . Mostly there are certain factors which influence why father are more likely to live with their sons then their daughters. The whole study confirms the parents preference for boys and indicate that such preference is much stronger among men . regardless of how one intrerprets on family structures and fertility , however the serious negative economic and educational effects for children whose first born sibling is a girl are intresrting in thir own right. ODED STARK ( dec.1981),the author attempts to observe that in developing societies.adult children as rural to urban migrants may presume the distinctive task of monetary intermediaries in an economy in which the beginning of contemporary agricultural methods is constrained by scarce institutional sources of credit and a high aversion to risk .in a series of thougtful contributions john caldwell has strictly advanced and cautiously examined the wealth flow theory of fertility transition,relating a decline in fertility to a change in the direction of the intergenerational ,intrafamilial transfers .the picture that emerges is that in the transformation from familial production to capitalist production children ,hence fertility become less economic ,or contrary to the family s economic interest .the hypothesis focuses on rural tourban migration and its likely repercussions for desired fertility and fertility behaviour .there is also an remarkable social-welfare inference .if the modernization of agricultural production is deemed socially desirable ,then there are social returns to the bearing and rearing of children ;the necessary expenditures can thus be regarded as a social investment ,and the family as an valuable social institution.ce for children. ROBERT J.BARRO (1988),the author attempts to examine that economic approach to fertility emphasizes the effects of parents income and the cost of nurture children.with the exception of work by easterlin (1973) and a few others,this approach has ignored the analytical links between decisions by different generations of the same family.furthermore ,in spite of malthus famous percentage,fertility has not been incorporated with the determination of wage rates, interest rates,capital accumulation and other macroeconomic variables.the utility of parents depends not only on their own consumption,,but also on the utility of each child average number of surviving children to only three or less.however,devoid of significant declines in the number of survivors would have really increased during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries owing to the impressive increase in the probability of surviving to age ten.furthermore,many societies managed large reductions in their fertility long before methods of birth control were developed. NEIL THOMAS (1993),the essence of mead claim s argument is that the value of children as a source of insurance will be highest in settings with a harsh environment of risk, where more effective forms of insurance do not exist clain s empirical work in Bangladesh and India sought to fill out the environment of risk, and the value of children and other support mechanisms as a source s of insurance against risk. the theory has been challenged on the grounds that economic considerations are relatively unimportant to reproductive motivations. in cropland s rejection of the relevance of economic security to fertility he points to the absence of the key elements of social security; pensions, or sickness or unemployment benefits in low fertility Taiwan and south korea.cleland does,however, acknowledge that couples will not adopt birth control unless they identify some remuneration from doing so;the economic security fertility hypothesis has not been falsifield,or even corrupted,on either therotical or empirical grounds by john cleland s arguments .the challenge to mankind ,and especially to the rich nations ,is to ensure that economic growth with equity is allowed to develop in third world countries before this demographic catch looms. Table-1 Distribution of Household by household Characteristics in study area No % Type of Family Nuclear 30 58.8% joint 21 41.2% Religion Hindu 49 96.1% Sikh 2 3.9% Caste SC 13 25.5% OBC 1 2.0% General 37 72.5% Ration Card APL 42 82.4% BPL 5 9.8% Antodaya None Total 12 1 3 51 2.0% 5.9% 100.0% Source: Field survey In our study area out of 51 household sample unit 30 household belongs to nuclear family and 21 household belongs to joint family. In percentage terms 58.8% household have nuclear family and 41.2% household have joint family. Majority of population in the study area belongs to Hindu religion . As it can be seen from the table 96.1% of the households belong to Hindu religion and only 3.9% of the households belong to Sikh religion. The caste wise household distribution reflects that 72.5% of the households belongs to general caste, 25.5%of the households belong to Schedule caseteand only 25 of the households belong to OBC caste. Most of the people have APL ration cards and 9.8% people have BPL ration cards, 2.0% people have Antodaya Ration card and 5.9% people have no ration cards facility.It is clear from the above table that majority population have lesser access to the BPL ration cards. Table-2 Distribution of Household by household Amenities No Type of House Ownership Status Source of Drinking water Type of Toilet Type of Fuel used Standard of Life Index 20 Pacca Semi-Pacca Kaccha Owned Within Premises Near the House Hand Pump Spring Water Sealed Pit Other No facility LPG Electricity Wood Dung Low Medium High Total % 33 15 3 51 33 2 15 1 27 5 1 18 33 5 10 3 25 23 3 51 64.7% 29.4% 5.9% 100.0% 64.7% 3.9% 29.4% 2.0% 52.9% 9.8% 2.0% 35.3% 64.7% 9.8% 19.6% 5.9% 49.0% 45.1% 5.9% 100.0% Source: Field survey Household amenities are the useful and pleasant facilities or services which provides comfort and convenience to the household. These amminities includes the type of house ,ownership status, source of drinking water, type of toilet facility, type of fuel used and household assets. It is clear from the table that majority of the people have pucca houses that is 64.7%, 29.4% people have semi- pucca house and 5.9% people have kaccha house. All people have their own houses. As the source of drinking water is concerned 64.7 % people have source of water within their premises, 3.9% people have tap near the house, 29.4% people uses the handpump and 2.0% uses spring water. 52.9% people have water sealed toilet facility ,35.3% population having no facility and 9.8% people have pit type of toilet facility ,as for as the use of fuel is concerned majority of the people uses LPG as cooking fuel that is 64.7% and 19.6% people uses wood as their main fuel where as electricity and Dung with minor percentage of use that is 19.6% and 5.9%. Most of the people having low standard of living as for as the ammenities are concerned followed by medium standard of living and people having higher standard of living are very less.It is clear from the table that the inhabitants of the concerned area are living a low standard of life as the possesion of the basic household ammenities is concerned. Age 8 Table 3 Age Distribution of Household Members by sex Total Gender 1 2 Male Female No % No % No % 0-14 64 24.0% 35 26.1% 29 21.8% 15-24 56 21.0% 27 20.1% 29 21.8% 25-35 49 18.4% 22 16.4% 27 20.3% 35-44 42 15.7% 17 12.7% 25 18.8% 45-54 28 10.5% 17 12.7% 11 8.3% 55-64 19 7.1% 11 8.2% 8 6.0% 65+ 9 3.4% 5 3.7% 4 3.0% Total 267 100.0% 134 100.0% 133 100.0% Source: Field survey Distribution of the population in diffrent age group by sex, majority of the household member fall in age group of 0-14 .In the age group 0-14 male outnumber females from the total population in the concerned age group and opposite is the trend in the age group 15-24, as for as the age group 25-35 and 35-44 is concerned there is again a steep diffrence in the male and female where again female has out number male.In the age group of 45-54, 55-64 and 65+ female are less as compare to male.So it is clear from the table that majority of the population in diffrent age group is male.Moreover male are enjoying the demographic dividend by a steep majority. From this table it can be seen that the sex ratio in the study area is 992 female per thousand male. Table 4 Distribution of Household members by Education Total Gender 1 2 Male Female No % No % No % Education Illiterate 19 7.9% 3 2.5% 16 13.2% Upto 5 39 16.3% 22 18.6% 17 14.0% 6-8 39 16.3% 21 17.8% 18 14.9% 9-12 126 52.7% 66 55.9% 60 49.6% Graduation 13 5.4% 4 3.4% 9 7.4% Professional Degree 8 PG and above Other Total 1 .4% 2 .8% 239 100.0% 1 .8% 1 .8% 118 100.0% 1 .8% 121 100.0% Source: Field survey Education is a process of educating or teaching to develop the knowledge skill and one s character.The level of education in an area depicts the quality of human capital in that area . In the concerned study area,distribution pattern shows that 9-12 age group has a dominant percentage in terms of the literacy where male has out number females. 7.9% population is illiterate out of which women constitute the major part,or female constitute 13.2% compared to the male illiteracy which is 2.5%. As for as the educational achievment is concerned female have more graduation and professional degrees as compared to male or out of 13 people 9 female has graduation and professional degrees where as male are far behind the number. There is only one male and no female in P.G and above level. As other degrees are concernd where there is equality in terms of the achievement. It is clear from the above infomation upto 12 level of education female are less as compare to male in their education. Table 5 Distribution of Household members by Marital Status and Occupation Total Gender 1 2 Male Female No % No % No % Marital Unmarried 49 24.7% 26 26.8% 23 22.8% Status Married 139 70.2% 68 70.1% 71 70.3% Widowed 8 4.0% 2 2.1% 6 5.9% Seperated 1 .5% 1 1.0% 7 1 .5% 1 1.0% Main Govt Job 33 16.7% 30 30.9% 3 3.0% Occupation Private Job 11 5.6% 9 9.3% 2 2.0% Farming Self Employed Wage Employed Unemployed 9 12 4.5% 6.1% 8 11 8.2% 11.3% 13 6.6% 13 13.4% 5 2.5% 3 Student Housewife 38 71 19.2% 35.9% 18 other Subsidary Business Occupation farming Artisan Other None 20 Total 6 3.0% 4 2.0% 20 10.1% 4 2.0% 2 1.0% 168 84.8% 198 100.0% 1 1 1.0% 1.0% 3.1% 2 2.0% 18.6% 20 71 19.8% 70.3% 5 5.2% 3 3.1% 11 11.3% 3 3.1% 1 1.0% 79 81.4% 97 100.0% 1 1.0% 1 1.0% 9 8.9% 1 1.0% 1 1.0% 89 88.1% 101 100.0% Sorrce: Field survey Marriage is one of the important institutions in India.household demand for children can also be determined on the basis of a change in the attitude towards marriage . Marital status shows that 70.2% of the population is married , 24.7% population is unmarried while as,widow and seperated are very less in number that is 5.9% and 1.0%. In married section female are ahead of male and in the unmarried section there are more male and less female but the widowed section shows a sizeable diffrence where more female are widowed than males or out of 8 widowed 6 female are widow and only two male are widower.As for as the occupation is concerned the above data shows that female are far behind in terms of occupation in all most all the sectors except students.Mostly women of this area are housewive.There are very less women who are gainfully employed some how women are employed but are very less in number compared to the male.In subsidary occupation women are almost equally participating in the farming activities with the men.Out of 5 unemployed population 2 women are unemployed where as 3 men are unemployed.The over all trend shows that the most of the women are denied of the gainfull employment and are left as only the housewives. Table 6 Description about average age at marriage N Age Age of women at marriage Age of husband at marriage Valid N (listwise) Mean 51 51 35.27 21.63 51 26.55 51 Source: Field survey Mean age of both men and women is 35.27. Where as the mean age of women at marriage is 21.63 and men is 26.55. It can be concluded from this table that most of the women got married more earlier than men. Table 7 Distribution of Women by type of job in Village Jammu Total 1 Age of women 20-29 30-39 40+ Education Illiterate of women < 5 6-8 9-12 Graduation Religion 2 No 14 16 21 7 4 11 28 % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1 100.0% Caste Hindu Sikh SC 49 100.0% 2 100.0% 13 100.0% Standard of Life Index 17 OBC General Low Medium High Total 1 37 25 23 3 51 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Job Government N o % 1 1 3.6% No % 1 7.1% 6.3% 4.8% 1 Private organized 1 Part time N o % 1 7.1% 1 6.3% 3.6 % 2 7.1% 1 2.0% 2 4.1% None No % 12 85.7% 14 87.5% 20 95.2% 7 100.0% 4 100.0% 11 100.0% 24 85.7% 1 100.0% 2 4.1% 1 2 5.4% 1 1 2 4.3% 33.3% 3.9% 7.7 % 1 4.0% 2 5.4% 1 4.0% 1 4.3% 1 2.0% 2 3.9% 44 89.8% 2 100.0% 12 92.3% 1 100.0% 33 89.2% 23 92.0% 21 91.3% 2 66.7% 46 90.2% Source: Field survey Distribution of women by type of job in the village, if we have a look on the age groups we can infer that maximum women from different age group are unemployed, age group 30-39 and age group 40+ shows that only 6.3% and 4.8% women are engaged in govt. Sector and in the age group 20-29, 7.1% of the women who are engaged in private and part time jobs. In education section majority of the women fall in the 9-12 standard of education they are employed in all sectors. All women are unemployed who are illiterate. As for as religion and caste is concerned women of Hindu religion and general caste are employed in every sector as compare to other religion and and caste . High standard women are more employed in govt. But women who belongs to low standard are mostly engaged in private and part time job. Table 8 Distribution of Women by reasons why a couple should have children in Village Jammu Total A ge of w o m en 20 29 30 39 40 + E du ca tio n of w o m en Ill ite rat e < 5 68 912 R eli gi Gr ad ua tio n Hi nd u Reasons for having children Future Emoti continu econo onal ing Old age mic Procrea suppor family 1 2 security gain tion t name N N N N N N N o % o % o % o % o % o % o 14 10 9 64 3 21 2 0. .3 .4 0 % % % 16 10 9 56 1 6. 1 6. 4 0. .3 3 3 0 % % % % 21 10 12 57 1 4. 1 4. 1 4. 6 0. .1 8 8 8 0 % % % % % 7 10 5 71 1 14 1 0. .4 .3 0 % % % 4 10 2 50 2 0. .0 0 % % 11 10 9 81 1 9. 1 0. .8 1 0 % % % 28 10 13 46 1 3. 4 14 1 3. 8 0. .4 6 .3 6 0 % % % % % 1 10 1 10 0. 0. 0 0 % % 49 10 29 59 0. .2 0 % 1 2. 0 % 3 6. 1 % 2 4. 1 % 1 2. 0 % 12 for O perfor t ming h last e rites r N % o % 14 .3 % 25 .0 % 1 6. 3 % 28 .6 % 1 3. 6 % 24 .5 % 1 2. 0 % 28 .6 % 14 .3 % 50 .0 % 9. 1 % on Si kh C as te S C O B C St an da rd of Li fe In de x 17 G en er al L o w M ed iu m Hi gh To tal % 10 0. 0 % 13 10 0. 0 % 1 10 0. 0 % 37 10 0. 0 % 25 10 0. 0 % 23 10 0. 0 % 3 10 0. 0 % 51 10 0. 0 % 2 1 50 .0 % 1 50 .0 % 9 69 .2 % 1 7. 7 % 3 8. 1 % 3 12 .0 % 10 0. 0 % 20 54 .1 % 1 7. 7 % 2 15 .4 % 10 27 .0 % 1 2. 7 % 5 20 .0 % 1 4. 0 % 6 26 .1 % 1 33 .3 % 12 23 .5 % 1 2. 0 % 1 15 60 .9 % 1 2. 7 % 60 .0 % 14 1 33 .3 % 30 58 .8 % 1 4. 3 % 2. 0 % 7. 8 % 4. 0 % 8. 7 % 33 .3 % 4 5. 4 % 1 2 1 1 2 2 3. 9 % 1 2. 0 % Source: Field survey Distribution of women by reason why a couple should have children in the concerned study area, if we have a look on the age group we can infer that, in all the age groups majority of the women want children for old age security and very less proportionof the women want children for future economic gain. In education section both literate and illiterate women have opinion that a couple should have children for their old age security. As for as religion is concerned, maximum percentage of women who belongs to Hindu religion want children for old age security , in sikh religion 50% women want children for old age security and 50% women want children for procreation.In caste section, 54% women who belongs to general caste have given the reason that a couple should have childern for old age security and 27% women want children for performing last rites and very less want children for other reasons.maximum women of SC and OBC caste demand children for old age security.A s for as standard of living index is concerned majority of the women having low and medium standard of living demand children for old age security but in case of high standard of life index 33.3% women want children for old age security ,33.3% women want children for performing last rites and 33.3% women want children for procreation. Table 9 Q2.13 (Distribution of Perception of Women Without Children) Social stigma Total N o 14 16 21 7 % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 4 11 28 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Hindu Sikh SC OBC General 49 2 13 1 37 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Low Medium 25 100.0% 23 100.0% High Total 3 100.0% 51 100.0% Age of women 20-29 30-39 40+ Education Illiterate of women <5 6-8 9-12 Graduation Religion Caste Standard of Life Index 17 N o 2 3 7 3 3 6 % 14.3% 18.8% 33.3% 42.9% 27.3% 21.4% 12 No 2 9 8 2 % 14.3% 56.3% 38.1% 28.6% Emotional distress N o % 9 64.3% 4 25.0% 5 23.8% 1 14.3% 2 50.0% 3 27.3% 11 39.3% 1 100.0% 2 50.0% 5 45.5% 10 35.7% 19 38.8% 5 No suffering N o % 1 7.1% 1 4.8% 1 14.3% 1 3.6% 2 4.1% 38.5% 17 34.7% 1 50.0% 5 38.5% 1 7.7% 14 37.8% 13 35.1% 1 2.7% 24.0% 26.1% 9 8 36.0% 34.8% 9 36.0% 8 34.8% 1 1 4.0% 4.3% 23.5% 2 19 66.7% 37.3% 1 33.3% 18 35.3% 2 3.9% 11 22.4% 1 50.0% 2 15.4% 1 100.0% 9 24.3% 6 6 Old age insecurity Source: Field survey Respondants are distributed on the basis of suffering without children.Maximum women who fall under 20-29 age group thinks that a couple without children suffers from emotional distress. As Increasing age of women, 30-39 and 40+ age group, they think that without children a couple have to suffer from old age insecurity. In education section, majority of the literate as well as educated women have responded that without children a couple have to suffer from old age insecurity but illiterate women have responded that without children a couple have to suffer from social stigma. As for as religion is concerned maximum women of Hindu religion have opinion that a couple who don t have any child feel agnoize in their old age. In sikh religion 50% women thinks that having no child in a couple is a social stigma for them in the society and remaining 50% women thinks that without children a couple feel emotional distress.In the caste section, 38.5% of the women in the SC caste have opinion that couple are in a fear of old age insecurity and emotional distress without children, in general category majority of the women or 37.8% women have responded that without children there is old age insecurity for a couple and all women of OBC caste are of opnion that a couple who don t have any child suffer from social stigma. As for as standard of life index is concerned, 30% women of low standard and 34.8% women of medium standard thinks that without children a couple suffer from old age insecurity and emotional distress but women of high standard have opinion that having no child in a couple feel pain in their old age. Perception of women about ideal number of children with respect to various socio economic characteristics Age of women 20-29 Mean N Std. Deviation 30-39 Mean N Std. Deviation 40+ Mean N Std. Deviation Total Mean N Std. Deviation Source: Field survey Table 10 (1) Ideal No of children 1.93 14 .267 Boys 1.00 12 .000 Girls 1.00 12 .000 2.06 16 .250 1.06 16 .250 1.00 16 .000 2.10 21 .301 1.10 20 .308 1.00 20 .000 2.04 51 .280 1.06 48 .245 1.00 48 .000 An average number of children preferable by women in the age group of 20-29 is 1.93 in which boys and girls preference is 1.00and 1.00, while as In the age group of 30-39 average preferance for number of children is 2.06 but there is equal preference for girls and boys and in 40+ the average number of children preference is 2.10 in which average preference for boys and girls is 1.06 and 1.00. Here we analyze that as soon as the age of women increasing their preference for ideal no of children also increasing. So there is positive relationship between the age of women and the preference for children. Table 10 (2) Ideal No of Education of women children Illiterate Mean 2.00 N 7 Std. .000 Deviation <5 Mean 2.00 N 4 Std. .000 Deviation 6-8 Mean 2.09 N 11 Std. .302 Deviation 9-12 Mean 2.04 N 28 Std. .331 Deviation Graduation Mean 2.00 N 1 Std. . Deviation Total Mean 2.04 N 51 Std. .280 Deviation Source: Field survey Boys 1.00 6 .000 Girls 1.00 6 .000 1.00 4 .000 1.00 4 .000 1.09 11 .302 1.00 11 .000 1.08 26 .272 1.00 26 .000 1.00 1 . 1.00 1 . 1.06 48 .245 1.00 48 .000 This table highlight the relationship between the education of women and their demand for children(boys,girls) in study area. The education of parents is the most important factor in determining the number children. The above table shows that majority of our respondents in this area are educated in between 9-12 level whose average preference for number of children is 2.04 in which girls preference is 1.00 and boys preference 1.08, and those women who are illiterate and educated upto fifth ,have an average preference for number of children is 2.00 but there is equal preference for girls and boys. From this table it is clearly seen that there is continous decrease in average preference for children as increase in the education of women after 6-8 level. So there is indirect relationship between the education of women and the more preference for children.Higher the education of women lower the demand for children and vice versa. Religion Hindu Mean N Std. Deviation Sikh Mean N Std. Deviation Total Mean N Std. Deviation Table 10 (3) Ideal No of children Boys 2.04 1.07 49 46 .286 .250 Girls 1.00 46 .000 2.00 2 .000 1.00 2 .000 1.00 2 .000 2.04 51 .280 1.06 48 .245 1.00 48 .000 Source: Field survey In our study area people belong to Hindus and Sikh religion .In both of these religion majority of women belongs to Hindu religion whose average demand for children is 2.04 in which boys and girls preference is 1.07 and 1.00 respectively, while in Sikh religion an average demand for ideal number of children is 2.00.From this table we analyze that in Hindu religion, women still prefer to have a male child but in Sikh religion there is equal preference for male and female child. Caste SC OBC General Total Mean N Std. Deviation Mean N Std. Deviation Mean N Std. Deviation Mean N Std. Deviation Table 10 (4) Ideal No of children 2.00 13 .000 Boys 1.00 11 .000 Girls 1.00 11 .000 2.00 1 . 1.00 1 . 1.00 1 . 2.05 37 .329 1.08 36 .280 1.00 36 .000 2.04 51 .280 1.06 48 .245 1.00 48 .000 Source: Field survey In the study area majority of the women belongs to General category and their average preference for children is more i.e 2.05 as compare to people belong to other category. While in SC and OBC caste an average demand for ideal number of children is equal that is 2.00. It is concluded from the table that in general caste women still prefer to have a male child but in SC and OBC caste there is equal preference for male and female child. Standard of Life Index Table 10 (5) Ideal No of Boys Girls Low Medium High Total Mean N Std. Deviation Mean N Std. Deviation Mean N Std. Deviation Mean N Std. Deviation children 2.04 25 .200 1.04 23 .209 1.00 23 .000 2.00 23 .302 1.05 22 .213 1.00 22 .000 2.33 3 .577 1.33 3 .577 1.00 3 .000 2.04 51 .280 1.06 48 .245 1.00 48 .000 Source: Field survey In our study we divide the living standard into three categories viz low, medium and high. Majority of women falls under the low standard of living whose average preference for children is more i.e. 2.04. In medium standard of living women average preference for children is 2.00 and in high standard women average preference for ideal number of children is 2.33. So,from this table we can observe that there is preference for male child in all the living standards.Standard of living is the important factor which influence the demand for children.women who belongs to medium standard demand less children as compare to the women of low and high standard. Table 11 Q2.16 ( Distibution of women Perception regarding Preference for male child) Total 1 Age of women 20-29 30-39 40+ Prefrence for male child 1 yes 2 no 3 can t say 2 No % 14 100.0% 16 100.0% 21 100.0% N o 5 7 8 % 35.7% 43.8% 38.1% No 7 9 10 % No 50.0% 2 56.3% 47.6% 3 % 14.3% 14.3% Education Illiterate of women < 5 6-8 9-12 Graduation 7 4 11 28 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 3 1 5 11 Religion 49 2 13 1 37 25 23 3 51 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 19 38.8% 1 50.0% 6 46.2% 1 100.0% 13 35.1% 13 52.0% 7 30.4% Caste Standard of Life Index 17 Hindu Sikh SC OBC General Low Medium High Total 20 42.9% 25.0% 45.5% 39.3% 39.2% 4 57.1% 2 50.0% 5 45.5% 14 50.0% 1 100.0% 1 1 3 25.0% 9.1% 10.7% 25 1 7 51.0% 50.0% 53.8% 5 10.2% 19 10 14 2 26 51.4% 40.0% 60.9% 66.7% 51.0% 5 2 2 1 5 13.5% 8.0% 8.7% 33.3% 9.8% Source: Field survey Views of respondent on the basis of household preference for male child. We see that majority of the women from different age group says that there should not be preference for male child and very few women says there should be a preference for male child. In education section maximum percentage of both illiterate and educated women are of same opinion that that there should be no male preference, very few women have told that thare should be male preference. As for as religion is concerned, maximum women of Hindu religion have responded that there shold be no male preference but in Sikh religion women have told that there should be equal preference for male and female child. In caste section 100% women of OBC caste have responded that there should be male preference but in SC and General caste only 46.2% and 36% women are of opinion that there should be male preference. As for as standard of life index is concerned, maximum women of high and medium standard have told that there should be no male preference but women of low standard have replied that there should be male preference. Table 12 Q2.17 ( Distibution of women Preference for male child at different Stages) Total 1 Stage of prefrence 2 Always 1 After first child is female 2 When two children are female 3 If you have less than the desired number of male child 4 N o 1 % 20.0% No 2 % 40.0% 2 28.6% 5 71.4% 1 12.5% 5 62.5% 3 100.0 % 1 100.0 % 20.0% 3 60.0% 100.0 % 2 18.2% 6 54.5% 1 9.1% 19 100.0 % 4 21.1% 12 63.2% 1 5.3% Sikh 1 100.0 % SC 6 1 16.7% 4 66.7% 1 16.7 % OBC 1 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 1 3 23.1% 7 100.0 % 53.8% Illiterat e <5 3 5 9-12 Caste 8 100.0 % 100.0 % 6-8 Religion 7 40+ Educatio n of women 20-29 % 100.0 % 30-39 Age of women No 5 11 Hindu 1 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 1 Genera l 15 Low 13 100.0 % 3 23.1% 7 53.8% Mediu m Standard of Life Index 13 7 100.0 % 1 14.3% 5 20 100.0 % 4 20.0% 12 60.0% % 20.0 % Source: Field survey N o % 1 20. 0 % 2 25. 0 % 71.4% Total N o 1 1 7.7% 1 5.0% 1 20. 0 % 2 18. 2 % 2 10. 5 % 1 10 0.0 % 3 23. 1 % 2 15. 4 % 1 14. 3 % 3 15. 0 % Majority of the women from different age group have responded that there should be preference for male child after first child is female. In education section all illiterate respondant have told that there should be male preference after first child is female but all women who are educated <5 are of opinion that always there should be male preference, while as majority of the women who are educated 6-8 and 9-12 level have responded that there should be male preference after the first child is female.As for as religion is concerned 63.2% women who belongs to Hindu religion said that there should be preference for male child after first child is female but in Sikh religion100.00% women are of opinion that there hould be male preference if you have less than desired number of male child.In caste sectin majority of the women who belong to General and SC caste said that there should be male preference after first child is female but in OBC caste all women said that there should be male preference after the first child is female. As for as standard of life index is concerned maximum women from low and medium standard have responded that there should be male child after first female child, while as in case of high standard of living no women said that there should be male preference. Distribution of women Perception regading ideal Number of children Table 13 Boys Total Age of 20-29 women 30-39 40+ Educat Illiterate ion of women < 5 6-8 9-12 Graduati on Religio Hindu n Sikh Caste SC N o 1 4 1 6 2 1 7 4 1 1 2 8 1 4 9 2 1 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 2 N o 1 2 1 5 1 8 6 4 1 0 2 4 1 4 3 2 1 % 85.7 % 93.8 % 85.7 % 85.7 % 100.0 % 90.9 % 85.7 % 100.0 % 87.8 % 100.0 % 84.6 3 N o 2 1 3 1 1 4 6 2 1 N N o % o 1 85.7 2 2 % 1 93.8 1 5 % 14.3 1 85.7 3 % 8 % 14.3 6 85.7 1 % % 4 100.0 % 9.1% 1 90.9 1 0 % 14.3 2 85.7 4 % 4 % 1 100.0 % 12.2 4 87.8 6 % 3 % 2 100.0 % 15.4 1 84.6 2 % 14.3 % 6.3% Girls 1 2 % 14.3 % 6.3% 14.3 % 14.3 % N o 1 4 1 6 2 1 7 4 9.1% 14.3 % 1 1 2 8 1 12.2 % 4 9 2 15.4 1 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 OBC General Job Govern ment Private organize d Part time None Standa rd of Life Index Low Medium High 21 Total 3 % 1 100.0 % 3 100.0 7 % 2 100.0 % 1 100.0 % 1 % 1 100.0 % 3 89.2 3 % 2 100.0 % 2 100.0 % 4 100.0 6 % 2 100.0 5 % 2 100.0 3 % 3 100.0 % 5 100.0 1 % 2 100.0 % 4 89.1 1 % 2 88.0 2 % 2 91.3 1 % 2 66.7 % 4 88.2 5 % % 4 10.8 % 1 % 1 100.0 % 3 89.2 3 % 2 100.0 % 1 100.0 % 5 3 2 1 6 10.9 % 12.0 % 8.7% 33.3 % 11.8 % % 4 10.8 % 1 100.0 % 2 100.0 % 4 89.1 1 % 2 88.0 2 % 2 91.3 1 % 2 66.7 % 4 88.2 5 % 5 3 2 1 6 10.9 % 12.0 % 8.7% 33.3 % 11.8 % 3 % 1 100.0 % 3 100.0 7 % 2 100.0 % 1 100.0 % 2 100.0 % 4 100.0 6 % 2 100.0 5 % 2 100.0 3 % 3 100.0 % 5 100.0 1 % Source: Field survey Respondents from diffrent age groups reveals diffrently with regard to the ideal number of children. In general way majority of all the age groups reponded that they need to have minimum one boy and one girl, very few have responded for two boys and one girl,where as girls no women preffer to have more than one girl. Education of the women shows that majority of the educated as well as illiterate women to have minimum number of child is also one boy and one girl ,where as all women having >5 level of education and graduate women preffer minimum girl and one boy. Caste and religion section reflects that maximum women favours one boy and one girl only in sikh religion and OBC caste where all women preffer to have minimum one girl and one boy.100% Women from private and part time jobs responded for one boy and one girl with equal preferenc where as 100% women having govt job responded for two boys and one girl and 89.1% unemployed women preffer one boy and one girl. Standard of living also shows that all most women from different standard of living preferes to have both male and female child but their minimum number is one male and one female child, very few of them responded for two boys and one girl. From this table it can be concluded that majority prefered to have two child and that is one girl and one boy. Table 14 Q2.20 ( Distribution of women Perception about impact of Social structure on Gender Bias in the demand for children) Total 1 2 20-29 No % 14 100.0% 30-39 16 100.0% 40+ Age of women 21 100.0% Education Illiterate of women 7 100.0% <5 4 100.0% 6-8 11 100.0% 9-12 28 100.0% Graduation 1 100.0% Social Structure Yes No N No % o % 11 78.6% 3 2 1 . 4 % 11 68.8% 5 3 1 . 3 % 19 90.5% 2 9 . 5 % 5 71.4% 2 2 8 . 6 % 3 75.0% 1 2 5 . 0 % 9 81.8% 2 1 8 . 2 % 24 85.7% 4 1 4 . 3 % 1 1 0 Religion Hindu 49 100.0% 39 Caste Sikh SC 2 100.0% 13 100.0% 2 100.0% 10 76.9% OBC General 1 100.0% 37 100.0% 1 100.0% 30 81.1% Job 79.6% 2 100.0% 1 Private organized Part time None Standard of Life Index Government 1 100.0% 2 100.0% 46 100.0% 2 100.0% 37 80.4% Low 25 100.0% 21 84.0% Medium 23 100.0% 18 78.3% 3 100.0% 2 66.7% 3 2 3 . 1 % 7 1 8 . 9 % 1 5 0 . 0 % 1 100.0% High 50.0% 0 . 0 % 10 2 0 . 4 % 9 1 9 . 6 % 4 1 6 . 0 % 5 2 1 . 7 % 1 3 3 . 3 21 Total 51 100.0% 41 80.4% % 10 1 9 . 6 % Source: Field survey Diffrent chracterstics of the respondents like age ,education and their religion have shown diffrents results so for the gender biasedness in the demand for children is concerned .In all age groups majority of the repondents who responds that the present social structure is responsible for the gender biasedness in the society being the male dominance set up.In education section maximum women who are educated up to 12 class are of opinion that social structutre is responsilble for gender biasedness but women who are graduate responds that our social structure is not responsible for gender biasedness.Religion, caste and standard of life index section shows that majority of women who responds for the gender biasedness presence in the society but women of OBC caste 100% favour that social structure is responsible for gender biasedness. All women who are employed in private organised and part time jobs are of views that social structure is responsible for male biasedness,but 50% govt. Employed women and 84.0% unemployed women says that gender biasedness is present in the society. Table 15 Q2.21 ( Distribution of women Perception regading preference of children in their community 20-29 30-39 40+ Education Illiterate of women < 5 6-8 9-12 Graduation Total 1 2 N o % 14 100.0% 16 100.0% 21 100.0% 7 100.0% 4 100.0% 11 100.0% 28 100.0% 1 100.0% Religion 49 100.0% Age of women Hindu Girls N o 2 3 3 1 % 14.3% 18.8% 14.3% 14.3% 2 5 18.2% 17.9% 8 16.3% Prefrence Boys No prefrence N N o % o % 7 50.0% 5 35.7% 10 62.5% 3 18.8% 6 28.6% 12 57.1% 2 28.6% 4 57.1% 2 50.0% 2 50.0% 7 63.6% 2 18.2% 12 42.9% 11 39.3% 1 100.0% 22 44.9% 19 38.8% Job Sikh SC OBC General Government Standard of Life Index 21 Private organized Part time None Low Medium High Total Caste 2 13 1 37 2 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1 7.7% 1 100.0% 6 16.2% 1 50.0% 1 100.0% 2 46 25 23 3 51 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1 5 50.0% 38.5% 1 7 50.0% 53.8% 18 48.6% 13 1 35.1% 50.0% 1 100.0% 7 3 5 15.2% 12.0% 21.7% 2 100.0% 20 43.5% 15 60.0% 8 34.8% 8 15.7% 23 45.1% 19 41.3% 7 28.0% 10 43.5% 3 100.0% 20 39.2% Source: Field survey Majority of the women from age group20-29 and 30-39 have responded that boys are preferred more as compare to girls, but most of the the women in the age group 40+ says that there is no preference with regarding to sex of the child in our community.In education section maximum women who are educated upto 12 class are of opinion that boys are preferred more as compare to the girls where as women who are graduate says that there is no or equal preference for all children in our community. As for as religion is concerned 44.9% women have told that there is boys prefrrence but in Sikh religion 50% women are in favour of boys preferrnce and 50% women are in favour of no preferrence. All most women of SC and Genaral caste responded that there is male child is more preferred in our community as compare to the female child, women of OBC caste favours female child.100% Women having private and part time jobs prefer boys where as 50% women having govt.jobe have responded in favour girls preferrence as wellas in favour of no preference. In medium standard maximum and in high standard all women are of opinion that there no preference por equal preference for all children but wome women of low standard favours mle child. Table 16 Q2.22 ( Distribution of women Perception regarding son as asset for the family) Tota l Yes No Cannot say Age of wo men Edu cati on of wo men 2029 3039 40+ No 14 % 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% No 10 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 28 1 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 2 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 2 100. 0% 56.5 % 72.0 % 47.8 % 16 21 Cast e Job Stan dard of Life Inde x 7 6-8 11 9-12 Reli gion Illite rate <5 28 Gra duat ion Hin du Sikh 1 4 49 2 SC 13 OB C Gen eral Gov ern men t Priv ate orga nize d Part time Non e Low 1 Med ium Hig h 37 2 46 25 23 3 10 6 2 6 15 No 3 5 7 1 1 3 9 1 1 10 19 57.1 % 50.0 % 76.9 % 51.4 % 14 1 3 12 2 26 18 11 13 6 7 2 % 21.4 % 31.3 % 33.3 % 14.3 % 25.0 % 27.3 % 32.1 % 100. 0% No 1 28.6 % 50.0 % 23.1 % 7 14.3 % 1 9 % 71.4 % 56.3 % 47.6 % 85.7 % 50.0 % 54.5 % 53.6 % 100. 0% 16.2 % 2 4 1 2 4 32.4 % 100. 0% 6 28.3 % 24.0 % 30.4 % 66.7 % 7 1 5 1 % 7.1 % 12.5 % 19.0 % 25.0 % 18.2 % 14.3 % 15.2 % 4.0 % 21.7 % 33.3 % 21 Tota l 51 100. 0% 29 56.9 % 15 29.4 % 7 13.7 % Source: Field survey Respondents view points with regard to the male child as asset to the family.Majority of the women from different age group responds positively for considering male child as an assets to the family.As the educational attainmentof the women shows that majority of the women who are educated upto 12 class have responded that sons are asset to the family . Women having graduation and above educational standard have responded that sons are not asset for th family. Caste and standard of life index section reflects that maximum women are of opinion that sons are asset for a family but majority of the women having high standard have told that male children are not asset for the family while as all women in the OBC caste responded can t say. Occupational structure also shows that 100% of the women having part time jobs and private organised jobs considers 100% of women having govt. Jobs and 56.5% unemployed women do not consider male child as asset for the family. Table 17 Q2.23 ( Distribution of women Perception regarding main advantage of having son) Total Age of women 20-29 30-39 N o 1 0 9 % 100.0 % 100.0 % Old age security N o % 6 60.0 % 2 22.2 % For economic gain N o % 3 30.0 % 3 33.3 % Procreati on N o % Continuit y of family name N o % 1 10.0 % 3 33.3 % Fo r pe rfo rm in g las t rit es N o 1 40+ Educati on of women Illiterat e <5 1 0 6 2 6-8 9-12 Religio n 6 1 5 2 8 1 Hindu Sikh Caste Job Standar d of Life Index 17 SC Genera l Private organiz ed Part time None Low Mediu m Total 1 0 1 9 1 2 2 6 1 8 1 1 2 9 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 4 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 1 2 1 3 6 1 1 1 3 9 40.0 % 33.3 % 50.0 % 50.0 % 40.0 % 39.3 % 100.0 % 30.0 % 47.4 % 3 3 1 1 4 9 4 5 1 1 1 7 5 1 2 50.0 % 42.3 % 38.9 % 45.5 % 41.4 % 1 7 7 2 9 30.0 % 50.0 % 50.0 % 16.7 % 26.7 % 32.1 % 2 40.0 % 26.3 % 100.0 % 1 50.0 % 26.9 % 38.9 % 18.2 % 31.0 % 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 10.0 % 2 1 20.0 % 16.7 % 33.3 % 20.0 % 17.9 % 6.7 % 7.1 % 3 10.0 % 5.3 % 2 7.7 % 5.6 % 9.1 % 6.9 % 5 5 3 2 3 5 20.0 % 15.8 % 19.2 % 11.1 % 27.3 % 17.2 % 1 1 1 1 1 1 Source: Field survey Women are of different opinions regarding demand for male children. maximum respondents of different age group need son children for old age security, but in the age group 30-39 maximum women want male child future economic gain and continouing family name.As for as the education of the female is concerned majority of the women having 6-8 and 9-12 level of education needs children mostly for old age security.Where as women having <5 level of educatin of women have equal preference for both old age security as well as for future economic gain. when we look at the religion we can say that 39.3% of the Hindu women and 100% Sikh women demand male children for their old age security. Majority of the general caste women prefer sons for future economic gain but in SC cate women prefer sons for providing future economic gain .As for as the occupation of women is concerned women having private organised jobs needs male children only for future economic gain where as womens having part time jobs demand children equally for economic gain and old age security. Most of the unemployed women demand sons for old age security. Majority of womens having medium standard of living needs male children for old age security but women having low standard of living want children equally for old age security and future economic gain. Table 18 Q2.24 (Distribution of women Perception regarding economic prosperity brought by male child Total Age of women 20-29 30-39 40+ Education Illiterate of women < 5 6-8 9-12 Graduation Religion Job Hindu Sikh SC OBC General Government Standard of Life Index 21 Private organized Part time None Low Medium High Total Caste Source: Field survey Yes No Cannot say N o % 3 21.4% 1 6.3% 1 4.8% No 14 16 21 7 4 11 28 1 % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% No % 8 57.1% 8 50.0% 12 57.1% 6 85.7% 4 100.0% 6 54.5% 11 39.3% 1 100.0% No 3 7 8 1 % 21.4% 43.8% 38.1% 14.3% 5 12 45.5% 42.9% 49 2 13 1 37 2 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 27 55.1% 1 50.0% 9 69.2% 1 100.0% 18 48.6% 1 50.0% 17 1 4 34.7% 50.0% 30.8% 5 10.2% 14 1 37.8% 50.0% 5 13.5% 1 100.0% 1 100.0% 2 46 25 23 3 51 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 26 17 10 1 28 56.5% 68.0% 43.5% 33.3% 54.9% 2 100.0% 15 32.6% 7 28.0% 11 47.8% 18 35.3% 5 17.9% 5 10.9% 1 4.0% 2 8.7% 2 66.7% 5 9.8% In all most all age group majority of the women have replied positively in favour of more male children gives more prosperity. In education section maximum illiterate and women who are educated in between 6-8 class are of opinion that more male children gives more happiness, All women who are educated <5 and who are graduate thinks that having more boys gives more happiness and maximum women who are educated in between 9-12 class have negative response in favour of having more male children gives more prosperity.As for as religion and caste is concerned majority of the women favours that a couple who have more boys is more prosperious. Women who are govt employed 50% have positive response and 50% have negative response in favour of having more children gives more prosperity,in private jobs 100% women responded that having more children gives more prosperity , in part time jobs 100% women responded negatively in favour of having more boys gives more happiness and 56% unemployed favours having more male children makes a couple more prosperious. As for as standard of life index is concerned majority women in low standard thinks that having more male children makes the parents more happy, in medium standard all most women replied negatively in favour of having more boys gives more happiness and in high standard majority of the women replied can t say. Table 19 Q2.25 ( Distribution of women Perception regarding Female child as a burden on family) Total Age of women 20-29 30-39 40+ Education Illiterate of women < 5 6-8 9-12 Graduation Religion Job Hindu Sikh SC OBC General Government Standard Private organized Part time None Low Caste No 14 16 21 7 4 11 28 1 % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 49 2 13 1 37 2 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Yes N o 2 3 3 3 % No % 14.3% 12 85.7% 18.8% 12 75.0% 14.3% 17 81.0% 42.9% 4 57.1% 4 100.0% 2 18.2% 9 81.8% 3 10.7% 23 82.1% 1 100.0% 7 14.3% 1 50.0% 4 30.8% 4 10.8% 1 100.0% 2 100.0% 46 100.0% 25 100.0% No 40 81.6% 1 50.0% 9 69.2% 1 100.0% 31 83.8% 2 100.0% Cannot say N o % 1 1 6.3% 4.8% 2 7.1% 2 4.1% 2 5.4% 2 1 4.3% 4.0% 1 100.0% 8 17.4% 7 28.0% 2 100.0% 36 78.3% 17 68.0% of Life Index 21 Medium High Total 23 100.0% 3 100.0% 51 100.0% 1 33.3% 8 15.7% 23 100.0% 1 33.3% 41 80.4% 1 33.3% 2 3.9% Source: Field survey Women response regarding girl child as a budren on the family.data reveals that maximum women of different age group responded negatively with cosideration to the girl child as a burden . As for as education of the women is concerned all women who are educated <5 and graduate as well as maximum women of other educational level replied negatively with cosideration to the girl child as a burden.In religion and caste section maximumwomen have told that female children is not a burden on the society but in Sikh religion half protortion of women have negative response and half have positive response with regarding to the girls child as burden .In job as well as in standard of life index section maximum or all most all propotion of women are of opinion that female child is not a burden on the family. Table 20 Q2.26 ( Reasons for considering female child as a burden on family) Total Age of women Insecurity N o % 1 50.0% Marriag e expendit ure 20-29 No % 2 100.0% No 1 30-39 3 100.0% 2 66.7% 1 40+ 3 100.0% 1 33.3% 2 % 5 0. 0 % 3 3. 3 % 6 6. 7 Education Illiterate of women 3 100.0% 1 33.3% 2 6-8 2 100.0% 1 50.0% 1 9-12 3 100.0% 2 66.7% 1 Hindu 7 100.0% 4 57.1% 3 Sikh 1 100.0% SC 4 100.0% 2 50.0% 2 General 4 100.0% 2 50.0% 2 Job None 8 100.0% 4 50.0% 4 Standard of Life Index Low 7 100.0% 3 42.9% 4 High Total 1 100.0% 8 100.0% 1 100.0% 4 50.0% 4 Religion Caste 14 Source: Field survey 1 % 6 6. 7 % 5 0. 0 % 3 3. 3 % 4 2. 9 % 10 0. 0 % 5 0. 0 % 5 0. 0 % 5 0. 0 % 5 7. 1 % 5 0. 0 % Majority of the women in age group 40+ linked the burden to the marriage expenditure, where as maximum women who belongs to 30-39 age group thinks that due to girls girls insecurity thay are considared as burden on the family, except the age group 20-29 where the response is equall for marriage expenditure and insecurity of female children. Educational standard also shows that most of the illiterate women responded for marriage expenditure, women who are educated 6-8 class responded eqully for marriage and insecurity and women who are educater in between 9-12 class respondedfor insecurity. Majority of the Hindu women liked the burden to the inscurity but all Sikh women thinks that girls are burden to the family due to their high marriage cost. SC caste , General caste and unemployed women have responded equall for marriage expenditure and insecurity of female children. Standard of living shows that 57.1% women from low standard of living linked the burden to the marriage expenditure only 42.9% to insecurity, while as 100% women from high standard linked the burden to insecurity.From the above table it is clear that women who consider gilrs child as burden equally of them of them have linked it to the marriage expenditure as wll as for insecurity. Table 21 Q2.27 ( Awareness regarding any technique which helps in determining the sex of child before birth) Age of wom en Educ ation of wom en 2029 3039 40+ Illiter ate <5 No 14 16 21 7 4 11 9-12 Relig ion 6-8 28 Grad uatio n Hind u Sikh 1 Total % No % 100.0 14 100.0 % % 100.0 10 62.5 % % 100.0 18 85.7 % % 100.0 6 85.7 % % 100.0 2 50.0 % % 100.0 8 72.7 % % 100.0 25 89.3 % % 100.0 1 100.0 % % 49 100.0 % 2 100.0 % 40 81.6 % 2 100.0 % N o % Yes No 6 3 1 2 3 3 9 37.5 % 14.3 % 14.3 % 50.0 % 27.3 % 10.7 % 18.4 % Caste SC OBC Job Stan dard of Life Inde x 21 Gene ral Gove rnme nt Priva te organ ized Part time None Low Medi um High Total 13 100.0 % 1 100.0 % 37 100.0 % 2 100.0 % 12 92.3 % 1 100.0 % 29 78.4 % 2 100.0 % 1 100.0 % 2 100.0 % 37 80.4 % 18 72.0 % 21 91.3 % 3 100.0 % 42 82.4 % 7.7% 8 21.6 % 9 19.6 % 28.0 % 8.7% 1 100.0 % 2 100.0 % 46 100.0 % 25 100.0 % 23 100.0 % 3 100.0 % 51 100.0 % 1 7 2 9 17.6 % Source: Field survey Distribution of the women by knowing the technique of sex determination before birth data shows that the in all the age groups most of the women knows the technique of sex determination before birth. As the educational attainment of the women is concernd it is obvious that as the educational level increases it is more likelihood that the information regarding the sex determination also increases. As it is clear from the above table that 100% of women having higher level of education knows the technique of sex determimation.As the relegion is concerned 81.6% women of the Hindu community knows the technique, in Sikh it is 100%. Caste shows that all most women of of SC, General cate and OBC caste knows the technique of sex determination before birth. occupational structure shows that 100% employed women of different sector knows the technique followed by part time employed where as in unemployed segment 80.4% women knows it. Standard of living shows that as increasing in the living standard proportion of women is also increasing in the field of knowing the technique of sex determination before bith of the child. Table 22 Q2.28 ( Awareness regarding PNDT Act to control female foeticide and infanticide) Age of wom en Edu catio n of wom en 2029 3039 40+ No 14 16 21 Cast e Job 7 6-8 11 9-12 Reli gion Illite rate <5 28 Grad uatio n Hind u Sikh 1 SC OB C Gen eral Gov ern ment Priv ate orga nize d 4 49 2 13 1 37 2 1 % 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% Total No % 12 85.7 % 7 43.8 % 11 52.4 % 4 57.1 % 2 50.0 % 6 54.5 % 17 60.7 % 1 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 29 100. 0% 1 1 9 1 20 2 59.2 % 50.0 % 69.2 % 100. 0% 54.1 % 100. 0% 100. 0% Yes No % 2 14.3 % 9 56.3 % 10 47.6 % 3 42.9 % 2 50.0 % 5 45.5 % 11 39.3 % 20 1 4 17 40.8 % 50.0 % 30.8 % 45.9 % Stan dard of Life Inde x 21 Part time Non e Low 2 46 25 Med ium High 23 Tota l 51 3 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 2 25 13 14 3 30 100. 0% 54.3 % 52.0 % 60.9 % 100. 0% 58.8 % 21 12 9 21 45.7 % 48.0 % 39.1 % 41.2 % Source: Field survey Distribution of the women who knows the PNDT act regarding control of female foeticide in the concernd study area. There are 85.7% of the women in the age group 20-29 and52.4% women in the age group 40+ who knows this act ,where as in 30-39 age group 56.3% women don t know it. By educational prespective it is clear that all most illiterate as well as educated women are known to this act exept in <5 segment half of proporton of women know it and half proportion don t know it. Religion and caste section shows that all most women have heared about this act. Job of the women reflects that 100% of the women having job and 54.3% of the women having no job knows the act. Standard of living shows that proportion of women who have heared about PNDT act is increasing as increase in the standard of living. Table 23 Q2.29 ( Distribution of women Perception regadring more Strict Laws against female foeticide and infanticide) Total Age of women 20-29 No % 14 100.0% 30-39 16 100.0% Yes No No % 14 100.0% 15 93.8% No Cannot say % 1 6.3% No % 40+ Education Illiterate of women < 5 6-8 9-12 Graduation Religion Job Hindu Sikh SC OBC General Government Standard of Life Index 21 Private organized Part time None Low Medium High Total Caste 21 7 4 11 28 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 18 85.7% 5 71.4% 3 75.0% 10 90.9% 28 100.0% 1 100.0% 1 100.0% 49 2 13 1 37 2 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 45 91.8% 2 100.0% 11 84.6% 1 100.0% 35 94.6% 2 100.0% 1 100.0% 2 9.5% 2 28.6% 1 4.8% 1 25.0% 1 9.1% 3 6.1% 1 100.0% 2 46 25 23 3 51 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0 % 2 100.0% 42 91.3% 21 84.0% 23 100.0% 3 100.0% 47 92.2% 1 2.0% 2.7% 1 2.7% 3 6.5% 3 12.0% 1 1 2.2% 4.0% 3 1 2.0% 2 15.4% 1 5.9% Source: Field survey Data shows the distribution of the women by their opinion regarding the strict law against female foeticide and infanicide.As increase in the age of women their positive response is decreasing regarding the strict law against female feoticide and infanticide ,but in education section as increase in the education of the women their positive response is also increasing. Religion and caste section shows that all most women have responded that there must be strict law against female feoticide and female infanticide. Job of the women reflects that 100% of the having job and 91.3% of the women having no job have responded for supporting the arguement.Standard of living shows that 100% of the women having high satandard and medium standard of living are in the opinion the yes there should be a strict law against these criminal activities.moreover 84.0% of the women from low standard of living are also in this view that yes there should be strict law. From the above table we can conclude that majority of the women are in the viie of supporting the argument of having more strict law against these crimes. Table 24 Q2.30 ( Distribution of women Perception about Quantity Vs Quality Children) 20-29 30-39 16 100.0% 40+ Age of women Total No % 14 100.0% 21 100.0% Education Illiterate of women 7 100.0% <5 4 100.0% 6-8 11 100.0% 9-12 28 100.0% Graduation 1 100.0% Fewer but quality children No % 14 1 0 0. 0 % 16 1 0 0. 0 % 21 1 0 0. 0 % 7 1 0 0. 0 % 4 1 0 0. 0 % 11 1 0 0. 0 % 28 1 0 0. 0 % 1 1 0 0. 0 % Religion 49 100.0% 49 Sikh 2 100.0% 2 SC 13 100.0% 13 1 100.0% 1 37 100.0% 37 Government 2 100.0% 2 Private organized 1 100.0% 1 Part time 2 100.0% 2 None Caste Hindu 46 100.0% 46 Low 25 100.0% 25 OBC General Job Standard 1 0 0. 0 % 1 0 0. 0 % 1 0 0. 0 % 1 0 0. 0 % 1 0 0. 0 % 1 0 0. 0 % 1 0 0. 0 % 1 0 0. 0 % 1 0 0. 0 % 1 of Life Index Medium 23 100.0% High 21 3 100.0% Total 51 100.0% 0 0. 0 % 23 1 0 0. 0 % 3 1 0 0. 0 % 51 1 0 0. 0 % Source: Field survey Table shows the distribution of the women by the reason they prefer to have a small family. From the age group it is clear that 100% of the women from the three age groups preferes to have a small family and the reason for it be the quality children and few in number . Education of the women shows that 100% illiterate as well as educated women prefers to have a small family that is fewer but qualitative. In relegion and caste section all women favours for qulaity children and few in number. Standard of living shows all women of high, medium and low standard of living prefers small famiy and qualitative. 100 % of the women having job and who don t have job favours small and qualitative family. From this table it can be concluded that all women favours small family happy family which is fewer but qualitative in nature. Table 25 Q2.31 ( Perception about improving health and nutritional attainment of children) Total No % Yes No % Age of women 20-29 30-39 40+ Education Illiterate of women < 5 6-8 9-12 Graduation 14 16 21 7 4 11 28 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 14 16 21 7 4 11 28 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Religion 49 2 13 1 37 2 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 49 2 13 1 37 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Caste Job Hindu Sikh SC OBC General Government Private organized Standard of Life Index 21 Part time None Low Medium High Total 1 100.0% 2 46 25 23 3 51 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1 1 2 46 25 23 3 51 1 1 1 1 1 1 Source: Field survey Distribution of the women by the opinion that there should be concious effort for improving health and nutrition of the children .100% of the women of all the age groups responded positively with this regard. Education of the women shows that women of having different educational standard responded 100% in the opinion that there shoud be concious effort with this regard. women of all the religion and caste are in the opinoin of best effort for the better health and nutritional care of their children .Job of the women shows 100% of the women are in the support for the better health and nutrition of the children.standar of living of the women shows that 100% of the women from high standard , medium and low standard of living have responded that there should be concious effort for improving health and nutrition of the children.From the above table it can be inferd that all women are in the opinion that there should be the concious effort with regrard to the healtha and nutritonal attainment of the children Table 26 Q2.32 (Preference regarding nutritional attainment of children between boys and girls) Age of women 20-29 30-39 40+ Education Illiterate of women < 5 6-8 9-12 Graduation Religion Caste Job Hindu Sikh SC OBC General Government Private organized Standard of Life Index 21 Part time None Low Medium High Total Total No % 14 100.0% 16 100.0% 21 100.0% 7 100.0% 4 100.0% 11 100.0% 28 100.0% 1 100.0% 49 2 13 1 37 2 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1 100.0% 2 46 25 23 3 51 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% All childre n No % 14 1 16 1 21 1 7 1 4 1 11 1 28 1 1 1 49 2 13 1 37 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 46 25 23 3 51 1 1 1 1 1 1 Source: Field survey Opinion of respondent with regard to the conscious efforts for improving the health and nutritional attainment of children.100% of the women in all the age group responded that the effort for health and nutritional attainment should be uniform for all the children. Education of the respondent shows that illiterate as well as educated women responded 100% for all children. Religion and caste of the women also shows that 100% of the women favours for all children. Women having jobs are in the opinion of equality among children that the conscious effort of health and nutrition should be for all the childrens,even 100% of the women having no job are also in the support of equal effort for all the children. Standard of living shows that women of high, medium and low standard of living responds100% for all children. From this table it can be inferred that 100% of the women are in the opinion of equality as the effort for health and nutritional attainment is concerned..They are not favouring male or female. Table 27 Q2.42 ( Informaion related to antenatal care check-ups during last pregnancy) Age of wom en Educ ation of wom en 2029 3039 40+ No 10 15 19 Cast e 6 6-8 11 9-12 Reli gion Illite rate <5 22 Grad uatio n Hind u Sikh 1 SC 4 42 2 12 OBC 1 Gene 31 % 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. Total No 8 12 12 2 2 9 18 1 31 1 7 1 24 % 80.0 % 80.0 % 63.2 % 33.3 % 50.0 % 81.8 % 81.8 % 100. 0% 73.8 % 50.0 % 58.3 % 100. 0% 77.4 Yes No 2 2 7 4 2 2 3 10 1 5 6 % 20.0 % 13.3 % 36.8 % 66.7 % 50.0 % 18.2 % 13.6 % No No C a n n o t s a y % 1 6.7% 1 4.5% 23.8 % 50.0 % 41.7 % 1 2.4% 19.4 1 3.2% Job Stan dard of Life Inde x 21 ral Gov ernm ent Priva te orga nize d Part time Non e Low 1 0% 100. 0% 1 % 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 2 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 2 100. 0% 70.0 % 60.9 % 84.2 % 100. 0% 72.7 % % 40 23 Medi um High 19 Total 44 2 28 14 16 2 32 11 9 2 11 27.5 % 39.1 % 10.5 % 1 2.5% 25.0 % 1 2.3% 1 5.3% Source: Field survey Age group 20-29 and 30-39 shows that 80% of the women availed the antenatal check up during last pregnancy but in the age group 40+ where only 63.2% of women has availed antenatal checkups. Only negligible proportion of the women responded as they can t say anything about this. Education of the women shows women of all other education levels mostly avail the antenatal check up but only 50% of the women who are <5 and 33.3% illiterate women avails the antenatal check up. Religion of the women shows that 73.8% of the women from Hindu religion and 50% of the women from Sikh religion avails these antenatal checkups .In caste section majority of the women avails this facility. 100% of the women having jobs avail this and only 70% of the women having no job avails this facility. Standard of living reflects that 60.9% of the women having low level of living, 84.2% of the women having medium level of living and 1005 of the women having high standard of living avails this facility. From this table it can be inferred that mostly women avails this facility. Table 28 Q2.43 ( Information related to Institutional delivery of last child ) 1 Total 2 Home Place of Delivery Govt Private Age of women 20-29 30-39 40+ Education Illiterate of women < 5 6-8 9-12 Graduation Religion No % 10 100.0% 15 100.0% 19 6 4 11 22 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1 100.0% N o 8 12 % 80.0% 80.0% 12 2 2 9 18 63.2% 33.3% 50.0% 81.8% 81.8% institution Institution N N o % o % 2 20.0% 2 13.3% 1 6.7 % 7 36.8% 4 66.7% 2 50.0% 2 18.2% 3 13.6% 1 4.5 % 1 100.0% Job Standard of Life Index 21 42 100.0% 31 73.8% 10 23.8% Sikh SC OBC General 2 12 1 31 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1 50.0% 7 58.3% 1 100.0% 24 77.4% 1 50.0% 5 41.7% Government 1 100.0% 1 100.0% Private organized Part time None Caste Hindu 1 2.4 % 6 19.4% 1 3.2 % 1 100.0% 1 100.0% 2 100.0% 40 100.0% 2 100.0% 28 70.0% 11 27.5% 1 2.5 % Low Medium 23 100.0% 19 100.0% 14 16 60.9% 84.2% 9 39.1% 2 10.5% 1 5.3 % High Total 2 100.0% 44 100.0% 2 100.0% 32 72.7% 11 25.0% 1 2.3 % Source: Field survey From the age group 20-29 and 30-39, 80% of the women delivered their last child at home only 20% to 13.3% of the women have delivered their last baby in govt hospitals and negligible have delivered at private hospitals as they are costly,where as in the age group 40+ 63.2% of the women have delivered their last baby at home. From education perspectives it can be seen that majority of the educated women have delivered their last baby at home and 33.3% of the illiterate and 50% <5 level of education also have delivered at home, where as 100% of women having diploma have delivered their lastbaby at home. Religion and caste shows that all most women have delivered their last baby at home. 100% of the women having jobs and 705 having no jobs delivered their baby at home . Standard of living shows 60.9% of the women having low standard of living, 84.2% having medium standard of living and 100% having high standard of living delivered their last baby at home. From this table we come to know that majority of the women prefers to deliver baby at home due to privacy and other safety concern. Table 29 Q2.48 ( Distribution of post natal check ups availed ) Age of wom en Educ ation of wom en 2029 3039 40+ No 10 15 19 Cast e 6 6-8 11 9-12 Reli gion Illite rate <5 22 Grad uatio n Hind u Sikh 1 SC 4 42 2 12 OBC Job 1 Gene ral Gov ernm ent Priva te orga nize d 31 1 1 % 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% Total No 6 7 12 2 1 7 14 1 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 24 100. 0% 1 1 6 1 18 1 % 60.0 % 46.7 % 63.2 % 33.3 % 25.0 % 63.6 % 63.6 % 100. 0% 57.1 % 50.0 % 50.0 % 100. 0% 58.1 % 100. 0% 100. 0% Yes No 4 8 7 4 3 4 8 18 1 6 13 N o % 40.0 % 53.3 % 36.8 % 66.7 % 75.0 % 36.4 % 36.4 % 42.9 % 50.0 % 50.0 % 41.9 % Stan dard of Life Inde x 21 Part time Non e Low 2 40 23 Medi um High 19 Total 44 2 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 2 23 9 14 2 25 57.5 % 39.1 % 73.7 % 100. 0% 56.8 % 17 14 5 19 100. 0% 42.5 % 60.9 % 26.3 % 43.2 % Source: Field survey Maximum proportion of the women from all the age groups avails the post natal checkups among these age group 40+ having the highest proportion of 63.2% .On the other side 53.3% of the women from age group 30-39 which is highest among those women who have not avail this. Education of the women shows majority of the women from different educational attainments avails the post natal checkups where as 66.7% of the illiterate and 75% from <5 level women do not avails this facility. Religion shows that 50% of the Sikh and 57% of the Hindu women avails the postnatal checkups . Most of the women from all the categories avails the postnatal checkups but in SC 50% avail thais and 50% do not avail this. Job pattern shows that all women having govt. And private jobs avail the postnatal checkups. Whereas all women having part time job do not avails this facility.57.5% of the women having no job avail this facility. Standard of living reflects that 100% of the women having high standard of living avails the post natal checkups where as less proportion of the women from low and medium standard of living avails this facility.60% of the women from low standard of living do not avails these postnatal checkups . Table 30 Q2.49 ( Distribution of the Perception of mothers ragarding the impact of control of diseases on desired family size) Age of 2029 Tota l Yes No % 10 100. 0% No No % 10 100. 0% Cannot say No % No % wo men Edu cati on of wo men 3039 40+ Illit erat e <5 6-8 912 Gra duat ion Reli Hin gion du Sik h Cast SC e OB C Gen eral Job Gov ern men t Priv ate orga nize d Part time Non e Stan Lo dard w of Me Life diu Inde m x Hig h 21 Tota 15 100. 0% 19 100. 0% 6 100. 0% 12 80.0 % 13 68.4 % 6 100. 0% 4 100. 0% 11 100. 0% 22 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 3 75.0 % 8 72.7 % 17 77.3 % 1 100. 0% 42 100. 0% 2 100. 0% 12 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 31 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 34 81.0 % 1 50.0 % 10 83.3 % 1 100. 0% 24 77.4 % 1 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 2 100. 0% 40 100. 0% 23 100. 0% 19 100. 0% 2 100. 0% 31 77.5 % 20 87.0 % 14 73.7 % 2 100. 0% 44 100. 1 50.0 % 35 79.5 1 1 1 1 6.7 % 5.3 % 2 13.3 % 5 26.3 % 9.1 % 4.5 % 1 25.0 % 2 18.2 % 4 18.2 % 2 4.8 % 6 14.3 % 1 50.0 % 2 16.7 % 2 6.5 % 5 16.1 % 2 5.0 % 2 10.5 % 7 17.5 % 3 13.0 % 3 15.8 % 2 1 50.0 % 7 15.9 4.5 l 0% % % % Source: Field survey Majority of the women from all the age group favours that control of many diseases resultant falling infant and child mortality decreases the desired family size, only negligible woman responded negatively for it rest favours. As the education is concerned maximum illiterate as well as educated women favour this.Religion and caste shows women of all the religion and caste responded positively that they favour the argument except Sikh where 50% of women not favour. Job and standard of living reflects that 100% women having jobs and 77.5% women having no job favour this. In standard of living index almost women favour s only in high standard 50% women have responded positively and 50% women have responded negatively. From this table it can be concluded that majority of the women favours that control of many diseases resultant falling infant and child mortality decreases the desired family size. Table 31 Q2.51(Distribution of childcare taken when parents are at work) 20-29 30-39 Age of women Total No % 1 100.0% 1 100.0% Education 9-12 of women 2 100.0% Elders No % 1 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 1 0 0 . 0 % 2 1 0 0 . Religion Hindu 2 100.0% 2 Caste General 2 100.0% 2 Job None 2 100.0% 2 Standard of Life Index Medium 2 100.0% 2 8 Total 2 100.0% 2 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % Source: Field survey 100% of Women in all the age group responded that elders take care of their children when they are at work. As the education, religion caste and other such characteristics are concerned all women have given the same response that when they are at work the elders of their family who are living with them take care of their children. Table 32 Q2.53 ( Opinion about the impact of working mother on child quality) Ag e of wo me n 2029 3039 40+ Ed uca tion of wo me n Illit erat e <5 6-8 912 Rel Hin igio du n Cas SC te OB C Ge ner al Job Pri vat e org ani zed No ne Sta Lo nda w rd Me of diu Lif m Chi ldre Bet n Bet ter suff ter soc er edu iali for Tot cati zati car al on on e No % No % 10 100 2 20. .0% 0% 6 100 1 16. .0% 7% 7 100 .0% 2 100 .0% 100 .0% 8 100 .0% 11 100 .0% 23 100 .0% No 2 1 No difference No % No 4 40. 2 0% 2 33. 3 3% 14. 2 28. 4 3% 6% 2 % 20. 0% 2 100 .0% 1 100 .0% 18 100 .0% 2 1 2 3 12. 5% 18. 2% 13. 0% 4 3 3 27. 3% 13. 0% 4 1 22 4 8 50. 0% 36. 4% 34. 8% 1 16. 7% 3 16. 7% 3 2 1 13. 6% 16. 7% 10. 0% 3 13. 6% 25. 0% 7 38. 9% 1 3 100 .0% 100 .0% 12 100 .0% 10 100 .0% % 20. 0% 50. 0% 57. 1% 100 .0% 100 .0% 7 31. 8% 16. 7% 50. 0% 2 3 30. 0% 100 .0% 3 37. 5% 2 18. 2% 9 39. 1% 5 3 75. 0% 1 100 .0% 5 27. 8% 9 8 1 40. 9% 66. 7% 10. 0% e Ind 17 Hig h 1 100 .0% Tot al 23 100 .0% 1 3 13. 0% 3 13. 0% 100 .0% 8 34. 8% 9 39. 1% Source: Field survey Women s opinion about the impact of working mother on child quality.Most of the women in the age group 20-29 responded that children of working mother suffers for care. From the age group 30-39 and 40+ maximum women favours that there is no impact of working mother on child quality.In education section all illiterate and <5 level women responded that there is no impact of working mother on child quality,where as majority of the women who are educated 68 and 9-12 level positively replied that children of working mother suffers for care. As for as the religion and caste is concerned all most women favours that there is no impact on child quality but in General caste maximum women favours that children of working mother suffers for care. Job and standard of living reflects that all women having govt jobs and women having high standard of living thinks that children of working mother suffers for care, where as majority of the unemployed ,low and medium standard of living responded that there is no impact of working mother on child quality. Table 33 Q2.55 ( Distribution of the use of Family planning measure by a couple) Age of wo men 2029 3039 No 13 16 % 100. 0% 100. 0% Total No % 8 61.5 % 6 37.5 % Yes No % 5 38.5 % 10 62.5 % 40+ Reli gion Cast e Job Stan dard of Life Inde x 21 Illite rate <5 6 6-8 11 9-12 Edu catio n of wo men 20 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 10 27 Gra duat ion Hin du Sikh 1 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 22 1 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 48.9 % 41.7 % 54.5 % 66.7 % 49.0 % 4 47 2 SC 12 OB C Gen eral Gov ern men t Priv ate orga nize d Part time Non e Low 1 Med ium Hig h Tota l 36 2 45 24 22 3 49 Source: Field survey 2 1 6 15 50.0 % 33.3 % 25.0 % 54.5 % 55.6 % 10 4 3 5 12 1 2 8 46.8 % 100. 0% 66.7 % 25 53.2 % 4 33.3 % 100. 0% 55.6 % 100. 0% 1 16 44.4 % 20 2 22 10 12 2 24 50.0 % 66.7 % 75.0 % 45.5 % 44.4 % 100. 0% 23 14 10 1 25 51.1 % 58.3 % 45.5 % 33.3 % 51.0 % Distribution of women by use of method of family planing. Diffrent age group of women have diffrent response,majority of the women in the age groups 30-39 responded that they have not using family planing method.only small propotion of the women who have are using family planning method,in the age group 20-29 maximum women uses family planning measures but in the age group 40+ women have equal response for both.Education of the women shows that most of the women who are illiterate and having <5 level of education do not use and graduate women family planing technique where as maximum women having 6-8 and 9-12 level of education are using family planning measures. Religion of the women shows that only 53.2% of the women from hindu are not using technique of a family planinig and 100% of the women from relegion applied any technique so for.Caste of the women shows that in the OBC category 100% and in the general caste 55% but in the sc caste 66.7% women uses family planning measures.Job of the women show that all of the women having private and part time jobs have used family planing measure where as all of the women having govt jobs are not using family planing measure but in case of unemployed women majority are using it. Standard of living reflects that majorty of the women from low standard of living responded that they have are not using family planing measure but all most women having higher and medium standard of living are applying family planing measure. From this table it can be concluded that majority of the women do not using family planing measure Table 34 Q2.56 ( Information related to method adopted for family planning) Age of wo men Edu cati on of 2029 3039 40+ Illit erat e <5 No 8 6 10 2 1 % 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. Total No 1 1 Male Sterilizatio Female n Sterilization Condom N % No % No % No % 4 50.0 4 50.0 % % 3 50.0 2 33.3 1 16.7 % % % 10.0 8 80.0 1 10.0 % % % 50.0 1 50.0 % % 1 100. 6-8 6 9-12 15 Hin du Sikh 22 Cast SC e Gen eral Job Priv ate orga nize d Part time Non e Stan Low dard of Med Life ium Inde Hig x h 18 Tota l 8 wo men Reli gion 2 16 1 1 22 10 12 2 24 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 0% 6 8 1 4.5 % 13 2 1 12.5 % 4 11 100. 0% 53.3 % 59.1 % 100. 0% 50.0 % 68.8 % 6 6 2 4 1 1 1 1 4.5 % 10.0 % 14 7 7 1 1 4.2 % 15 100. 0% 63.6 % 70.0 % 58.3 % 50.0 % 62.5 % 5 1 4 1 6 40.0 % 27.3 % 1 25.0 % 25.0 % 100. 0% 1 22.7 % 10.0 % 33.3 % 50.0 % 25.0 % 2 2 1 1 1 2 6.7 % 9.1 % 12.5 % 6.3 % 9.1 % 10.0 % 8.3 % 8.3 % Source: Field survey Distribution of the women by the type of method of family planing which they are using. Women from diffrent age groups responded diffrently as the method of family palning is concerned.women from age group 20-29 have equal response for using female sterilisation method and condom,most of the women from the age group 30-39 and 40+ shows that they are using female strilisation method.Education of the women shows that most of the women having 9-12 level of education and all women having 6-8 level of education where as illiterate women have equally responded for using both male sterilisation and female sterilisation method but all women having >5 level of education using natural method.As the relegion and caste is concernd maximum women have responded that they have applied female sterilisation method only small number of women who are using other different method but in sikh religion all women have applied female sterilisation method. Job pattern shows that 100% women having private jobs responded that their husbands are using condom.where as 63.6% women having no job and 100% women having part time jobs responded forfemale sterilisation. Standard of living reflects that maximum women having low and medium standard of living responded female sterilisation where as women of high level of living equally responded for condom and female sterilisation. Table 35 Q2.59 ( Information related to desire for more number of children) Total 1 2 N o % 3 10 0.0 % 3 10 0.0 % 1 10 0.0 % 1 10 0.0 % 4 10 0.0 % Age of wo me n 2029 Edu cati on of wo me n Illiter ate Reli gio n Cas te Hind u 6 SC 1 OBC 1 Gen eral 4 Gov ernm ent 1 Job 40+ 6-8 9-12 10 0.0 % 10 0.0 % 10 0.0 % 10 0.0 % 10 0.0 % 1 N o 2 1 % 66. 7 % 33. 3 % Total 2 N o % 1 33. 3 % 1 33. 3 % 1 10 0.0 % 3 N o 0 % 75. 0 % 1 50. 0 % 2 33. 3 % 10 0.0 % 1 1 75. 0 % 10 0.0 % 1 25. 0 % 33. 3 % 1 16. 7 % 2 N o 0 % 25. 0 % 3 16. 7 % 4 66. 7 % 10 0.0 % 1 10 0.0 % 1 25. 0 % 10 0.0 % 3 75. 0 % % 66. 7 % 10 0.0 % 2 1 16. 7 % 50. 0 % 2 33. 3 % Daughters 1 2 N N o % o % 1 33. 3 % 2 66. 1 33. 7 3 % % 1 10 0.0 % 1 10 0.0 % 2 50. 0 % 3 50. 0 % 10 0.0 % 10 0.0 % 2 50. 0 % 2 1 50. 0 % 10 0.0 % 1 16. 7 % 1 1 1 1 N o 2 33. 3 % 75. 0 % 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 % 10 0.0 % 25. 0 % 3 33. 3 % 1 3 1 N o Boys 1 N o % 3 10 0.0 % 1 33. 3 % 1 10 0.0 % 10 0.0 % Non e 5 Sta nda rd of Life Ind ex Low 1 Medi um 4 High 1 15 Total 6 10 0.0 % 10 0.0 % 10 0.0 % 10 0.0 % 10 0.0 % 2 40. 0 % 2 1 2 1 3 50. 0 % 10 0.0 % 50. 0 % 1 40. 0 % 10 0.0 % 25. 0 % 1 20. 0 % 4 1 1 25. 0 % 1 25. 0 % 2 1 2 33. 3 % 1 16. 7 % 1 16. 7 % 4 80. 0 % 10 0.0 % 50. 0 % 10 0.0 % 66. 7 % 1 20. 0 % 2 40. 0 % 2 1 1 25. 0 % 1 1 1 16. 7 % 2 25. 0 % 10 0.0 % 33. 3 % 2 3 40. 0 % 10 0.0 % 50. 0 % 1 20. 0 % 1 25. 0 % 50. 0 % 1 16. 7 % Source: Field survey Perception of the women regarding more children they want with how many of them male and female.From the age groups 20-29 it can be inferred that 100% of the women responds for one male child and 33.3% of the women responds for one girls.where as women in the age group 40+ 33.3% responds for one boy, 33.3% responds for two boys and 33.3% responds for three boy where as 66.6% responded for one girl and 33.3% responded for two girls. Education of the women shows that women having 9-12 level of education and illiterate women demand one boys and two girls but women having 6-8 level of education needs two boys and two girl. Religion of the women shows that majority of the women needs one boy and one girl. Cast indicates that all women of SC caste and allmost women of General caste needs one boy and one girl where as women of OBC caste needs two boys and two girls. Job indicates that maximum of the women having no job needs minimum one boy and one gil and women having govt job needs one girl child.Standard of living reflects that women of having low and medium standard of living responded that that they need one girl and one boy while as women having high standard of living demands one boy more. three children two of them boys and rest girl. Table 36 Q5.1 ( Information related status of last pregnancy) Total Pregnancy Planning Status Age of wo men Edu catio n of wo men 2029 3039 40+ 1 No 10 16 18 Cast e Job Stan dard of Life Inde x 6 6-8 10 9-12 Reli gion Illite rate <5 23 Gra duat ion Hin du Sikh 1 4 42 2 SC 12 Gen eral Gov ern men t Priv ate orga nize d Part time Non e Low 32 Med ium Hig h 18 1 2 % 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 14 12 3 3 8 20 1 34 1 7 28 1 Unplanned % No % 90.0 1 10.0 % % 87.5 2 12.5 % % 66.7 6 33.3 % % 50.0 3 50.0 % % 75.0 1 25.0 % % 80.0 2 20.0 % % 87.0 3 13.0 % % 100. 0% 81.0 % 50.0 % 58.3 % 87.5 % 100. 0% 100. 0% 1 Plan ned No 9 41 24 2 8 1 5 4 19.0 % 50.0 % 41.7 % 12.5 % 1 1 33 17 16 2 100. 0% 80.5 % 70.8 % 88.9 % 100. 0% 100. 0% 8 19.5 % 29.2 % 11.1 % 7 2 20 Tota l 44 100. 0% 35 79.5 % 9 20.5 % Source: Field survey Information status of the last pregnancy of the women in the concerned study area. Data reveals that majority of the women in diffrent age group responded that their last pregnancy was planned.except the 40+ age group where only 40% women have their last pregnancy planned. On the other side age group 20-29 has the women having the least unplanned pregnancy. Educational status of the women also shows that maximum of the educated women planned their last pregnancy even that 50% of the illiterate women responded that their last pregnancy was planned.Religion of the women shows that only Hindu religion women have majority in planned pregnency, where as in Sikh religion women have responded equally for both planned and unplanned.Caste on the other hand shows that maximum responses for planned pregnancy. As for the job of the women is concerned 100% women having govt and part time job and 80.5% women having no job have planned their last pregnancy while as 100% of the women having part time jobs have responded for unplanned pregnancy. Standard of living reflects that maximum of women from all the level of living have their last pregnancy planned. From the above table it can be concluded that majority of the women have their last pregnancy planned. Table 37 Q5.2 ( Ways adopted to complete size of the family) Age 20- 1 No 10 2 % 100. Total Cro ssed Und Rep ergo rod ne ucti Ster ve iliza age tion No % How family size completed No 5 Others % No 50.0 5 % 50.0 of wo men Edu cati on of wo men 29 0% 3039 40+ 16 Illit erat e <5 6 6-8 912 Gra duat ion Reli Hin gion du Sik h Cast SC e Gen eral Job Gov ern men t Priv ate orga nize d Part time Non e Stan Lo dard w of Me Life diu Inde m x Hig h 20 Tota 18 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 10 100. 0% 23 100. 0% 1 100. 0% % 10 5 3 27.8 % 50.0 % 4 42 2 12 32 1 1 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 1 1 10.0 % 4.3 % 8 11 62.5 % 44.4 % 33.3 % 6 50.0 % 80.0 % 47.8 % 2 100. 0% 100. 5 1 1 11 1 5 11.9 % 3 25.0 % 6.3 % 2 21 50.0 % 2 100. 0% 5 41.7 % 18 56.3 % 37.5 % 27.8 % 16.7 % 50.0 % 10.0 % 47.8 % 100. 0% 16 38.1 % 4 33.3 % 37.5 % 100. 0% 12 1 100. 0% 100. 0% 41 100. 0% 24 100. 0% 18 100. 0% 44 2 2 1 1 2 8 % 1 5 3 1 1 5 12.2 % 12.5 % 5.6 % 50.0 % 11.4 22 15 8 100. 0% 53.7 % 62.5 % 44.4 % 100. 0% 14 34.1 % 25.0 % 50.0 % 6 9 1 23 52.3 16 50.0 % 36.4 l 0% % % % Source: Field survey From diffrent age groups it can be inferd that majority of the women adopted sterlisation method for completing the size of the family but in the age group 20-29 women have equally responded for both sterlisation method and any other method. Education of the women shows that maximum women who are illiterate have completed their family size by crossing reproductive age.women having education level <5 responded 50% for sterlisation and 50% for any other method. Most of the women who are educated 6-8 and 9-12 level have completed.but all graduate women have responded for anyother method. Religion and caste of the women reflects that majority of the women have undergone sterlisation for completing their family size. Job section reflects that all women having govt and private job have used other method which is not specified.but all women who are engaged in part time job amd maximum unemployed women responded for sterlisation method. standard of living of women shows that most of the women having low standard opted sterlisation method,maximum women having medium standard opted anyother method but in high standard women have equally responded for sterlisation and anyother method for completing their family size. It can be seen from the above table that majority have followed sterlisation method for completing their family size. Table Ag 20e 29 of wo me n 3039 40 38 Q5.3a q5.3b q5.3c ( Details related to actual sex composition of children) Total 1 2 N o % 1 1 0 0 0. 0 % 1 1 6 0 0. 0 % 1 1 Total 1 2 N N o % o 1 1 7 0. 0 % 3 4 N N N % o % o % o % 7 1 1 1 1 2 2 0. 0. 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 % % % % 1 6. 1 7 3 1 3 2 5. 8. % 0 8 % % 1 0 6 5 2 2 Boys Girls 1 2 0 1 2 N N N N N o % o % o % o % o % 8 8 1 1 5 5 4 4 0. 0. 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 % % % % 1 6. 1 8 2 1 2 1 1 6 3 1 3 3 1. 2. 2. 1 8. 8. % 3 5 5 8 8 % % % % % 1 1 5. 1 5 7 3 3 1 9 5 6 3 + Ed uc ati on of wo me n 8 Illit 6 erat e <5 4 6-8 1 0 912 2 3 Gra 1 dua tio n Re lig io n Hin 4 du 2 Sik h Ca ste 2 SC 1 2 Ge ner al 3 2 0 1 1. 7. 1. 6 0. 1 8 1 % 0 % % % % 1 5 8 1 1 0 3. 6. 0. 3 7 0 % % % 1 2 5 1 2 1 2 0 0. 5. 5. 0. 0 0 0 0 % % % % 1 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 % % % % % 1 2 8. 1 6 5 2 2 8. 0 7 6 9. 1. 7 0. % 6 7 % 0 % % % 1 1 1 0 0 0. 0. 0 0 % % 1 2 4. 2 6 8 1 3 7. 4 9. 0 8 9 9. 9. 1 5 0. % 0 0 % % 0 % % % 1 1 5 1 5 0 0. 0. 0. 0 0 0 % % % 1 7 5 4 3 1 8. 1 8. 0 8. 3. 3 3 0. 3 3 % % 0 % % % 1 2 6. 2 7 5 1 2 6. 3 9. 0 3 3 1. 5. 3 4 0. % 9 6 % % 0 % % 0 5. 6 % 8. 9 % 6. 7 % 0. 0 % 3. 3 % 5 8 1 1 1 1 4 6 1 1 3. 6. 6. 6. 6. 3 7 7 7 7 % % % % % 3 7 1 2 5. 5. 0 0 % % 2 5 2 5 0. 0. 0 0 % % 6 6 2 2 0. 0. 0 0 % % 5 5 5 5 0. 0. 0 0 % % 1 6 5 2 5 2 1 5 5 2 6 9. 1. 1. 3 6. 1. 6 7 7 5 7 % % % % % 1 1 1 1 0 0 0. 0. 0 0 % % 3 7 8 1 6 1 2 5 1 3 0 1. 9. 4. 3 4. 3 1. 4 0 3 8 0 % % % % % 1 5 1 5 0. 0. 0 0 % % 2 1 0 0. 0 % 7 5 4 3 1 8. 7 5 4 3 8. 3. 3 8. 3. 3 3 % 3 3 % % % % 2 7 5 1 5 1 1 5 9 2 4 5. 5. 5. 8 6. 8. 0 6 6 3 1 % % % % % Jo b Go ver nm ent Pri vat e org ani zed Par t tim e % 1 0 0. 0 % 1 1 0 0. 0 % 1 1 No ne St an da rd of Lif e In de x 4 1 Lo w 2 4 Me diu m 1 8 Hig 2 h 20 Tot al 4 4 1 0 0. 0 % 1 0 0. 0 % 1 0 0. 0 % 1 0 0. 0 % 1 0 0. 0 % 1 0 0. 0 % 1 1 0 0. 0 % 1 1 0 0. 0 % 1 1 1 0 0. 0 % 1 0 0. 0 % 1 1 0 0. 0 % 1 1 0 0. 0 % 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0. 0. 0. 0 0 0 % % % 2 4. 2 6 9 2 3 7. 3 7. 2 7 9 2 6 1 2 5 1 2 9 7 5. 2. 3 3 9 0. 2. 4. 3 6. 2 9. % 9 0 % % 7 0 6 1 3 % % % % % % % 1 4. 1 6 7 2 1 4. 3 1 1 6 5 2 2 8. 1 5 8 3 2 5 2. 9. 2 2. 6 6. 0. 3 4 8. 3. % 5 2 % 5 7 8 % 3 3 % % % % % % % 1 5. 1 7 2 1 2 1 1 5. 1 7 3 1 3 1 1 5 5 2 6 3 2. 1. 1. 6 4 7. 6. 6. 0 5. 7. % 2 1 1 % 8 7 7 6 8 % % % % % % % % 1 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 % % % % % 2 4. 3 6 9 2 3 6. 4 9. 3 7 9 2 6 1 2 5 1 2 5 0 8. 0. 8 1 1 0. 0. 3. 5 6. 3 9. % 2 5 % % 5 5 6 8 5 % % % % % % % Source: Field survey 2 Maximum Respondent from different age group responded that they have one boy and one girl very few women have two girls and two boys. . Educational attainment of the women shows that most of the illiterate women as well as educated women have one girl and one boy. From religious point of view it can be inferred that most of the women from Hindu religion have one boys and one girls but in Sikh religion half of the respondant haveone boy and one girl and half have two boys and one girl. Caste shows that most of the women from SC and general category have one boy and one girl. Occupational structure of the women shows all women engaged in govt jobs and part time jobs have one boy and one girl, women engaged in private organisation have only two girls, and women having no job have almost two boys and two girls. Standard of living of the women reflects that women having low and medium standard of living have minimum one boy and one girl., women having higher standard of living have at least two boys and one girls and this is the actual sex composition of their children. Table 39 Q5.4 ( Satisfaction related to present sex composition of children) Satisfied with sex composition N 2 Yes o No % No % 9 90.0 1 10.0 % % 15 93.8 1 6.3% % 15 83.3 3 16.7 % % 5 83.3 1 16.7 % % 3 75.0 1 25.0 % % 10 100. 0% 20 87.0 3 13.0 % % 1 100. 0% Total Age of wom en Educ ation of wom en 2029 3039 40+ Illiter ate <5 No 10 16 18 6 4 10 9-12 Relig ion 6-8 23 Grad uatio n Hind u 1 42 1 % 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 37 88.1 % 5 11.9 % Sikh Caste SC Job Stan dard of Life Inde x 20 2 12 Gene ral Gove rnme nt Priva te orga nized Part time None 32 Low 24 Medi um High 18 Total 44 1 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 41 2 2 10 29 1 1 37 21 17 1 39 100. 0% 83.3 % 90.6 % 100. 0% 2 3 16.7 % 9.4% 100. 0% 90.2 % 87.5 % 94.4 % 50.0 % 88.6 % 1 100.0 % 4 9.8% 3 1 1 5 12.5 % 5.6% 50.0 % 11.4 % Source: Field survey From all the age group it can be inferd that a steep majority of the women are satisfied with the present sex composition of the children only neglegible resposes are for non satisfication.On the other hand education of the women shows that all most women are satisfied only 25% of the women who have <5 level of education they responded thet they are not satisfied with the present sex composition of the children rest are satisfied with the present sex composition of the the children.Relegion and caste of the women shows that majority of the women are satisfied with the present sex composition their children very few have respponded negatively in this regard. Job of the women shows that 100% women doing govt jobs and private jobs and 90% women having are satisfied by the present sex composition of their children where as women having part time jobs 100% are not satisfied with the existing sex compositon. Standard of living shows that majority of the women are satisfied with the present sex compositon only in high standard where half of the women are satisfied and half are not satisfied with the sex composition of their children.From this it can be concluded that majority of the women are satisfied with the sex composition of their children. Table 40 Q5.5 (Reasons for not satisfied with the present sex composition) Total Age of women 20-29 30-39 40+ Education Illiterate of women <5 9-12 Religion Hindu Caste SC General Job Standard of Life Index 15 1 N o 1 1 3 1 1 3 5 2 3 2 Reasons for not satisfaction Not desire d no of Not desired daug No of sons hters % No % 100.0% 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1 33.3% 100.0% 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Part time None Low Medium High Total 1 100.0% 5 100.0% 1 2 1 100.0% 2 40.0% 2 100.0% 3 3 3 1 100.0% 4 100.0% 3 100.0% 1 100.0% No 1 2 2 2 50.0% 66.7% 40.0% 2 1 1 1 3 Source: Field survey Reasons for not satisfied with the present sex composition of the children,from the age groups 30-39 and 40+ most of the women responded that they are not satisfied with the present sex composition because they have not the desired number of girls and on the other side women in 20-29 age group gave the reason that they have not the desired number of sons. As the educational standard is concerned illiterate and <5education level women responded that they are not satisfied with the sex composition of the children because of having not desired number of sons but women who are educated 9-12 level gave the reason that they have the desired number of daughters. Religion section shows that in Hindu religion women gave the reason that 60% are those who have not the desired number of daughters and rest 40% for those who have not the desired number of boys. Caste shows that 100% women of SC category relate it to not having the desired number of sons and 100% women of General category relate it to not having the desired number of girls respectively, same is the response in case of women having part time job but women having no job gave reason equally for both. Standard of living shows that 66.7% of the women having low standard are not satisfied with the sex composition of their children because they have not the desired number of sons where as 100% of the women having medium and high standard of living are not satisfied with the sex composition of their children because they have not desired number of daughter.From the above table it can be sum up that maximum women are not satisfied because of not having desired number of girls. Table 41 Q5.6 ( Reasons for having more than two children) Total Age of wo men Edu catio n of wo men 2029 3039 40+ No 2 3 7 1 6-8 4 9-12 Reli gion Illite rate <5 5 Hin du Sikh 11 2 1 1 % 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 2 No 1 4 1 1 3 4 1 Reasons for more children Need more Gods Gift male children O % No % No % 1 50.0 1 50.0 % % 33.3 2 66.7 % % 57.1 3 42.9 % % 100. 0% 2 100. 0% 25.0 2 50.0 1 25.0 % % % 60.0 2 40.0 % % 36.4 6 54.5 1 9.1 % % % 100. Cast e Job Stan dard of Life Inde x 15 SC 5 Gen eral Non e Low 7 12 8 Med ium 4 Tota l 12 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 2 3 5 3 2 5 0% 40.0 % 42.9 % 41.7 % 37.5 % 50.0 % 41.7 % 3 3 6 5 1 6 60.0 % 42.9 % 50.0 % 62.5 % 25.0 % 50.0 % 1 1 14.3 % 8.3 % 1 25.0 % 1 8.3 % Source: Field survey Reasons for having more than two children.Age of the women shows majority of the women from the age group 40+ responded that they have more children as god s gift to them.66.7% of the women in the age group 30-39 responded that they have more than two children as they were need for more boys.women from the age group 20-29 equally responded that they have need for mlore male children and ny other reason.Education of the women shows that all illiterate women responded that they have more than two children as god s gift to them, <5 level of women have told that they have more need for male children, maximum women who are educated 6-8 level have told that they have more demand for male children and women who are educated 9-12 level responded that they have more children as god s gift. Relegion of the women shows that majority of the women from Hindu religion have more than two children because they have need for more male children and all of the women from Sikh religion responded that they have more than two children as god s gift. Caste and job of the women shows that majority of the women responded that they have more than two children because of having more demand for male children.Standard of living shows that majority of the women having medium standard of living reasoned for more children as god s gift to them and majority of the women having low standard have more than two children because of more demand for male children .From this rable it can be concluded that majority of women having more than two children the reason for having more children to them is demand for more male children. Table 42 Q7 ( Perception regarding choice of number of children if given another chance) Age of women 20-29 1 N o 9 Total 2 % 100.0 % Total children 2 >=3 N N o % o % 9 100.0 % Boys 1 N o 9 2 % 100.0 % N o % 30-39 1 3 100.0 % 1 0 76.9 % 3 23.1 % 1 0 76.9 % 3 23.1 % 40+ 1 0 100.0 % 8 80.0 % 2 20.0 % 8 80.0 % 2 20.0 % 4 100.0 % 4 100.0 % 4 100.0 % <5 3 100.0 % 2 66.7 % 1 33.3 % 2 66.7 % 1 33.3 % 6-8 8 100.0 % 5 62.5 % 3 37.5 % 5 62.5 % 3 37.5 % 9-12 1 6 100.0 % 1 5 93.8 % 1 6.3 % 1 5 93.8 % 1 6.3 % Educati Illiterate on of women Girls 1 N o % 9 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 1 3 0 0 . 0 % 1 1 0 0 0 . 0 % 4 1 0 0 . 0 % 3 1 0 0 . 0 % 8 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 1 6 0 0 . Graduati on Job 1 100.0 % Hindu 3 0 100.0 % 2 5 83.3 % 2 100.0 % 2 100.0 % SC 9 100.0 % 8 88.9 % 1 General Caste 100.0 % Sikh Religio n 1 1 100.0 % 2 5 83.3 % 2 100.0 % 11.1 % 8 88.9 % 1 11.1 % 9 2 3 100.0 % 1 9 82.6 % 4 17.4 % 1 9 82.6 % 4 17.4 % 2 3 Governm ent 1 100.0 % 1 100.0 % 1 100.0 % 1 Part time 1 100.0 % 1 100.0 % 1 100.0 % 1 None 3 0 100.0 % 2 5 83.3 % 2 5 83.3 % 5 5 16.7 % 16.7 % 1 5 16.7 % 3 0 2 5 16.7 % 3 0 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 0 0 . Standar Low d of Life Index 100.0 % 1 3 72.2 % Medium 1 3 100.0 % 1 3 High 19 1 8 1 100.0 % Total 3 2 100.0 % 5 1 3 72.2 % 100.0 % 1 3 100.0 % 1 3 1 100.0 % 1 100.0 % 1 2 7 84.4 % 2 7 84.4 % 5 27.8 % 15.6 % 5 5 27.8 % 15.6 % 1 8 3 2 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 0 0 . 0 % Source: Field survey Majority of the women from different age group prefered to choose one boy and one girl where as all women from the age group 20-29 preffer one boy and one girl. As the educational attainment of the women is cocerned majority of the women from all the educational levels prefererred to have one female child and one male child very few have responded for two male child where as all iiliterate and graduate women preffer one male and one female child. In Hindu religion maximum women and in Sikh religion all women preffered to choose one girl and one boy. Caste of the women shows that majority of the women preferred to have one boy and one girl.Job of the women shows that 100% of the women having job and 83.3% of the women having no job prefered to have one boy and one girl in their Actuall number.Standard of living of women reflects that all of the women preferred to have one boy and one girl except the women of low standard of living where 27.8% of the women preffred two male and one female child Table 43 Q5.8 ( Perception related to life without children) Age of wom en Educ ation of wom en 2029 3039 40+ No 10 16 18 Cast e Job Stan dard 6 6-8 10 9-12 Reli gion Illite rate <5 23 Grad uatio n Hind u Sikh 1 4 42 2 SC 12 Gen eral Gov ernm ent Priv ate orga nize d Part time Non e Low 32 1 Life without Total children 1 2 Difficult E % No % No % 100. 7 70.0 3 30.0 0% % % 100. 7 43.8 9 56.3 0% % % 100. 13 72.2 5 27.8 0% % % 100. 3 50.0 3 50.0 0% % % 100. 4 100. 0% 0% 100. 8 80.0 2 20.0 0% % % 100. 11 47.8 12 52.2 0% % % 100. 1 100. 0% 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 26 1 9 18 1 61.9 % 50.0 % 75.0 % 56.3 % 100. 0% 16 1 3 14 38.1 % 50.0 % 25.0 % 43.8 % 1 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 1 100. 0% 36.6 % 37.5 % 41 24 26 15 63.4 % 62.5 % 15 9 of Life Inde x 20 Med ium High 18 Total 44 2 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 10 2 27 55.6 % 100. 0% 61.4 % 8 44.4 % 17 38.6 % Source: Field survey Majority of the women from all the age group have perception that life without children is difficult as well as emotionally miserable.The level of difficulty is more in the age group 20-29 and 40+, level of emotional miserablity is more in the age group 30-39.Education of the women shows that majority of the respondents from all the educational attainments they feel that life is more difficult without children,except in case of illiterate women where response is equal and maximum women from the age group 9-12 level thinks that without children life is emotionally miserable.In Sikh religion responses are equal for both difficult life and emotional miserablity without children and in Hindu religion majority women feels that without children life is difficult. Caste shows that maximum of the women are in veiw that life without children is difficult.Job pattern also shows that 100% women having govt job responded that life is difficult without children, where as women having private job and part time job responded that life is emotionally miserable without children.Standard of living reflects that majority of the women from low and medium standard thinks that life is difficult without children ,but in case of high standard response is 1005 with this regard.From the above table it can be concluded that majority of the women responded that life without children is difficult . Table 44 Q5.9 ( Perception related to preference behaiour of people for number of children in today's world) Total 1 No % 2 No Prefer less No of children C a n n o t s a Yes y % No % Age of wom en 10 30-39 16 40+ Educ ation of wom en 20-29 18 Illiter ate <5 6 4 10 9-12 Relig ion 6-8 23 Grad uatio n Hind u Sikh 1 42 2 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 10 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 40 15 17 6 3 9 23 1 2 95.2 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 93.8 % 100.0 % Caste SC 12 32 Job Gene ral Gove rnme nt Priva te organ ized 1 100.0 % 1 Part time None 1 1 41 Stand ard of Life Index Low 24 Medi um High 18 20 Total 44 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 95.1 % 91.7 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 95.5 % 1 6.3% 1 5.6% 1 25.0 % 10.0 % 1 2 4.8% 2 6.3% 2 4.9% 2 8.3% 2 4.5% 100.0 % Source: Field survey 1 2 12 100.0 % 93.8 % 94.4 % 100.0 % 75.0 % 90.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 30 1 39 22 18 2 42 Majority of the women over period of time preferred to have less number of children and it is clearly refelected in all the age groups of the respondents.Education of the women also reflects that majority here responded that they prefer to have less number of children over the period of time only negligible prpoporiton responded negatively. Religion and caste of the women shows that maximum all women prefered to have less number of children.In job section 100% women having job prefer less number of children where as 95.1% women having no job prefer to have less number of chilodren. Standard of living of the women also reflects that they prefered to have lesser number of children.only 8.3% of the women having low standard of living responded that they do not prefer less number of childeren.from this table we can conclude that most of the women prefered to have lesser number of children. Summary and conclusion The present study Household demand for children is an attempt to know various reasons which affect the demand for children in a family. A family is considred to be incomplete without children. Children play very important role in a family..Having children gives a person special incentives to succeed in life. Children are assumed to produce future services to their parents and are a source of satisfaction for them. Most of the parents demand children because of the various reasons like: Old age security,Provide economic gain in future,Procreation,Emotional support, Continuing family name,For performing last rites. So, households demand children in order to acquire all these benefits but this demand may vary depending upon whether the country is rich or poor, whether parents are literate or illiterate,whether women are economically and socially empowered or not empowered. Women are generally least empowered and hence they have negligible rights to decide about the number of children. The demand for children is often higher in poor families within society.In the rural areas people demands more children as compare to the urban areas,the argument is that farm children are financial asset to their parents and helps in the farming. Therefore farm families demands more children than household in urban areas.There is negative relationship between the couple education more particularly of female education and the demand for children.Higher is the educational standard lower is the demand for children and vice versa. The research study is based on the following purposes : To identify the household demand for children in the study area . To analyse the level of decision making process among women in the matter concerning their fertility and children. To determine the constraint and pressure of having children in household . To examine the social, political, economic cultural and demographic factors which influence the demand for children in the household. To know the role of female education in family planning. To know whether there is male preference, equal preference or no preference with respect to household demand for children. Main findings: The study area is economically Rural, majority of the household belongs to Hindu religion. Most of the Households have nuclear family and maximum households have access to APL ration cards. Basic facilities like drinking water, housing and toilet facilities are available to maximum households. The sex ratio of this area is approximately 992 females per 1000 males which is one of the best ratio as compared to state and national average. In Mokhey village Govt. School only upto primary level is available but still many students from the village did extremely well in their academics, literacy rate of this area is 71%. In our study area most of the male are engaged in govt. Sector as their main occupation and maximum female are housewives. All most women demand children for their old age security and think that without children a couple have to suffer from old age insecurity. Maximum women are in opinion that there should be male prefrence after the first child is female and thinks that a couple should have one boy and one girl. Most of the women have responded that male preference exists in their community and son is considared as asset for the family because they provide old age security. Maximum women have heared about PNDT Act and favours that there should be strict law against female foeticide and infanticide. All women preffer fewer but quality children and favours that there should be concious effort for improving health and nutrition of the children but it should be uniform for all children. Majority of the women availed the antenatal check up during last pregnancy and all most women have delivered their last baby at home due to privacy and other safety concern. Women of this area also favours that control of many diseases resultant falling infant and child mortality decreases the desired family size. All most women thinks that children of working mother suffer for care. Half of the women are using family planning measures and maximum have applied female sterilisation method for completing their family size. Most of the women have their last pregnancy planned.Majority of the women are satisfied with the sex composition of their children.All most women preffer one boy and one girl and thinks that life is very difficult without children.Maximum women have responded that people preffer lesser number of children in today s world. RECOMMENDATIONS Education plays a vital role in determine household demand for children as need are felt that women should get education. Awareness regarding family planning measure should be given. Information regarding PNDT act should be given to the women of the study area. Awareness regarding the ultrasound machine which helps to determine the sex of child should be given to the women of study area. Policy should be implemented related to the importance of female child. More strict laws against dowry system. Participation of women in labor force is important as it also determine the demand for children. BIBLIOGRAPHY A Bryant John ( Mar.,2007): Theories of Fertility Decline and the Evidence from Development Indicators Population and Development Review, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Mar., 2007), pp. 101-127 Published by: Population Council Cochrane, Susan H. and. Bean Frank D. (1976): Husband- Wife Differences in the Demand for Children Journal of Marriage and Family Relations, Vol. 38(2) (May, 1976), pp. 297-307 Claus Chr. P rtner (2001): Children as insurance Journal of Population Economics,Vol. 14(1) (May, 2001), pp. 119-136 Choudhary, Rafiq Huda (1979): Female labor force status and fertility Behaviour- Some theoretical, methodological and policy issues The Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 18(4) (Winter 1979), pp.341-357 Dahl, Gordon B. and Moretti, Enrico (2007): The Demand for Sons The Review of Economics Studies, Vol.75 (4) (Oct., 2008), pp. 1085-1120 De Tray,DennisN. (1972): Child quality and the demand for children Journalof Political Economy Vol.81 (2) New economic Approach to Fertility (Mar.-Apr. 1973), pp. S70-S95 Drenovsky ,Cynthia K;(1994) The effect of mass communication and child labour on fertility in developing countries, vol.24(autumn 1994), PP.1-16 Emily Klawon and Jill Tiefenthaler(Oct 2001), Bargaining over Family Size : The Determinants of Fertility in Brazil Source: Population Research and Policy Review, Vol. 20, No. 5 (Oct., 2001), pp. 423-440 Published by: Springer in cooperation with the Southern Demographic Association Gary S. Becker (1992): Fertility and the Economy Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 5(3) (Aug., 1992), pp. 185-201 Hussain Ali Mubasir Sayed(1995): Women empowerment and reproductive choices ,The pakistani review,vol. 34(4),pp.1137-1150 Becker G. S and Lewis H.G (1974) Interaction between Quantity and Quality of Children Volume Title: Economics of the Family: Marriage, Children, and Human Capital Volume Author/Editor: Theodore W. Schultz, ed.Volume Publisher: UMI Publication Michael Robert T. (1973): Education and the Derived Demand for Children Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 81(2) New Economic Approaches to Fertility (Mar. - Apr.1973), pp. S128- S164 Mason,Karen Oppenheim (1987): The impact of women s social position on fertility in developing countries Sociological Forum, Vol.2 (4) Special Issues: Demography as an Interdiscipline (autumn, 1987), pp.718-745 Robert J. Barro(1988) A Reformulation of The Economic Theory of fertility ; Garry S. Becker, National Bureau of Economic Research, Janurary 1986 Rosenzweig, Mark R. (1977): The demand for children in Farm households Journal of political economy, Vol.85 (1) the economic determinants of population change in the rural and urban sectors of the United States (Feb. 1977),pp. 123-146 Schultz Paul T: Stark Oded(1981): The asset demand for children during agricultral modernization , Population and development review, vol. 7,no.4, pp.171-675. Synder, Donald W (1974); Economic determinant of family size ,vol.11,No. 4 (Now;1974).pp 613-627 Thomas Neil (Jul., 1993): Economic Security, Culture and Fertility : A Reply to Cleland Author(s): Neil Thomas Source: Population Studies, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 353-359 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of the Population Investigation Committee Turchi Boone A. (1975): The Taste for Children The Demand for Children: The Economics of Fertility in the United States . The Value of Children: A Cross-National Study. by East-West Population Institute; Vol. 1, Introduction and Comparative Analysis. by Fred Arnold; Vol. 2, Phillippines. by Rodolfo A. Bulatao; Vol. 3, Turke Paul W. (Mar., 1989), Evolution and the Demand for Children Source: Population and Development Review, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Mar., 1989), pp. 61-90 Published by: Population Council

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