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1 1. WHAT IS A COMPUTER? An electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in a particular form and of performing a sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals. A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. In World War II, mechanicalanalog computers were used for specialized military applications. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they 2 were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early and machines, occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as computers. However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous. 2. ETYMOLOGY The first use of the word computer was recorded in 1613 in a book called The yongmans gleanings by English writer 3 Richard BraithwaitI haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number. It referred to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. 3. HISTORY Rudimentary calculating devices first appeared in antiquity and mechanical calculating aids were invented in the 17th century. The first recorded use of the word "computer" is also from the 17th century, applied to human computers, people who performed calculations, often as employment. The first computer devices were conceived of in the 19th century, and only emerged in their modern form in the 1940s. Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After 4 working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a generalpurpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete. The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand - this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine can be chiefly attributed to difficulties not only of politics and financing, but also to his desire to develop an increasingly sophisticated computer and to move ahead faster 5 than anyone else could follow. Nevertheless his son, Henry Babbage, completed a simplified version of the analytical engine's computing unit (the mill) in 1888. He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in 1906. ENIAC Babbage s Analytical Engine 4. ENIAC THE MODERN COMPUTER The principle of the modern computer was first described by computer scientistAlan Turing, who set out the idea in his 6 seminal 1936 paper, On Computable Numbers. Turing reformulated Kurt G del's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing G del's universal arithmetic-based formal language with the formal and simple hypothetical devices that became known as Turing machines. He proved that some such machine would be capable of performing any conceivable mathematical computation if it were representable as an algorithm. He went on to prove that there was no solution to the Entscheidungsproblem by first showing that the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable: in general, it is not possible to decide algorithmically whether a given Turing machine will ever halt. He also introduced the notion of a 'Universal Machine' (now known as a Universal Turing machine), with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other machine, or in other words, it is provably capable of computing anything that is computable by executing a program stored on tape, allowing the machine to be programmable. Von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to this paper. Turing machines are to this day a central object of study in theory of computation. Except for the limitations imposed by 7 their finite memory stores, modern computers are said to be Turing-complete, which is to say, they have algorithm execution capability equivalent to a universal Turing machine. 5. PROGRAMS The defining feature of modern computers which distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can be programmed. That is to say that some type of instructions (the program) can be given to the computer and it will process them. Modern computers based on the von Neumann architecture often have machine code in the form of an imperative programming language. 6. BUGS Errors in computer programs are called bugs. They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in some cases, they may cause the program or the entire system to hang, becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, to completely fail, or to crash. Otherwise benign bugs may sometimes be harnessed for malicious intent by an unscrupulous user writing an exploit, code designed to take advantage of a bug and disrupt a 8 computer's proper execution. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design. 7. COMPONENTS A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by buses, often made of groups of wires. Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a 1 , and when off it represents a 0 (in positive logic representation). The circuits are arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control the state of one or more of the other circuits. Control Unit The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) manages the computer's various components; it reads 9 and interprets (decodes) the program instructions, transforming them into a series of control signals which activate other parts of the computer.[49] Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations: arithmetic and logic. Memory A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered address and can store a single number. The computer can be instructed to put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357 or to add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595. The information stored in memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information, it is the software's responsibility 10 to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers. 8. HARDWARE & SOFTWARE The term hardware refers to the physical components of your computer such as the system unit, mouse, keyboard, monitor etc. The software is the instructions that make the computer work. Software is held either on your computer s hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD or on a diskette (floppy disk) and is loaded (i.e. copied) from the disk into the computers RAM (Random Access Memory), as and when required Hardware Components Input Devices Output Devices 9. INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information 11 with the outside world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices. Computer networking is another form of I/O. Input Devices Mouse, keyboard, joystick, image scanner, webcam, graphics tablet, microphone Mouse (computing) In computing, a mouse is an input device that detects twodimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows for fine control of a graphical user interface. 12 Physically, a mouse consists of an object held in one's hand, with one or more buttons. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and "wheels", which enable additional control and dimensional input. Computer keyboard In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input device for computers. Joystick A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. A joystick, also known as the control column, is 13 the principal control device in the cockpit of many civilian and military aircraft, either as a center stick or side-stick. It often has supplementary switches to control various aspects of the aircraft's flight. Output Devices Monitor, printer, loudspeaker Computer monitor A monitor or a display is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry and an enclosure. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT) about as deep as the screen size. 14 Printer (computing) In computing, a printer is a peripheral which makes a representation of an electronic document on physical media. Individual printers are designed to support local and network users at the same time. Some printers can print documents stored on memory cards or from digital cameras and scanners. Computer speaker Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are speakers external to a computer that disable the lower fidelity built-in speaker. They often have a low-power internal amplifier. The standard audio connection is a 3.5 mm (approximately 1/8 inch) stereo phone connector often color-coded lime green (following the PC 99 standard) for computer sound cards. A few use a RCA connector for input. There are also USB speakers which are 15 powered from the 5 volts at 500 milliamps provided by the USB port, allowing about 2.5 watts of output power. Computer speakers were introduced by Altec Lansing in 1990. Basic Concepts of Computer Hardware Primary Memory Inp ut Uni ts CPU (Central Processing Unit) Outp ut Units This model of the typical digital computer is often called the von Neumann computer. 16 Programs and data are stored in the same memory: primary memory. The computer can only perform one instruction at a time. 10. SOURCES OF DATA FOR THE COMPUTER Two types of data stored within a computer: Original data or information: Data being introduced to a computing system for the first time. Computers can deal directly with printed text, pictures, sound, and other common types of information. Previously stored data or information: Data that has already been processed by a computer and is being stored for later use. These are forms of binary data useful only to the computer. Examples: Floppy disks, DVD disks, and music CDs. 11. SOFTWARE COMPONENTS There are some software components that also help in the smooth functioning of the computer system. 17 Following are the main Software Component that are used in the computer: Operating Software: These are the software with the help of which the computer works. It loads automatically when one start the computer. It makes the link between the Hardware and other software of the computer. Application Software: These are the software that are used to process languages and access other applications being installed in the computer. This includes Word Processors, Image Processors and other. Thus a computer only runs with the help of Software as well as Hardware components being installed in the computer. 12. TABULAR COMPARISION OF DIFFERENT STORAGE DEVICES Below is shown the tabular representation of the different storage devices that are particularly used by computer users: Device Example Storage Cost Capacity Portability Reliability 18 Floppy Disk Paper 1.44 MB 6 8 Highly Envelop Rs. Portable Not Reliable Compact Polithin Disk Bag 700 MB 10 Portable 12 Rs Reliable DVD Travel Bag 4 GB 20- 25 Portable Rs Reliable Pen Drive Suit Case 2, 4, 8, 250 Portable 16, 32, 2500 64 GB Rs Very Reliable Hard Disk Trunk 500 GB 3500 Not & above & Portable Above Rs Most Reliable 13. OPERATING SYSTEMS (OS) An operating is a software programme designed to act as an interface between a user and computer. It controls the computer hardware, manage system resource and supervise the interaction between the system and its users. The operating system also forms a base on which application software are developed and executed. Operating system is a set of programme that is extremely important and coordinates the activities of 19 various hardware resources like the processor and input/output devices. Definition- An operating system is a software program that manages the hardware and software resources of a computer. It is the control system under which all other software function. Conclusion: thus we can conclude that operating system is the first program to be loaded into computer before any other processing can be initiated. Functions of operating system: 1. Device Management (Input/ Output) an operating system controls the working of all input and output devices. 20 2. Memory Management an operating system assigns memory to various programs when ever required. It also frees the memory when it is not in use. 3. Runs Software it runs the application software like paint, MS Word, MS Power Point etc. 4. Processor Management it manages the working of the processor allocating various jobs to it. 5. File Management it keeps tracks of information regarding creation, deletion, transfer, copy, and storage of in an organized way. 6. Security an operating system provides security by means of passwords to prevent misuse of a computer. 14. TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM aka OS As there are two basics kinds of computer systems: 1. Single user operating system it was designed for use by one person at a time, since it is single user oriented with MS DOS. Example MS- DOS. 21 2. Multiuser operating system- there are also larger system which can be used by more than person at a time. Such systems are referred to as multi user system. Example UNIX Many operating systems were developed in 1960s, 1970s and 2000. We will discuss some of the operating system 15. DISK OPERATING SYSTEM It was the first widely installed operating system for personal computers. The first personal computer version of DOS , called PC DOS, was developed for IBM by Bill Gates and his new Microsoft corporation.DOS uses a command line, or text based interface, that allows the user to type commands. While the commands are simple to type, the user must know the basics commands in order to use DOS effectively. The first version of windows (through Windows 95) actually ran on top of the DOS operating system. This is why so many DOS related files ( such as .INI, .DLI, and .COM files) are still used by windows 22 16. WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEMS Windows Operating System (OS) developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers (PCs). Featuring the first graphical user interface (GUI) for IBM compatible PCs, the windows OS soon dominated the PC market. Approximately 90 percent of PCs run some version of Windows. The first version of Windows, released in 1985, was simply a GUI offered as an extension of Microsoft s existing disk operating system or MS- DOS. Based in part on licensed concepts that Apple Inc. had used for its Macintosh System Software, Windows for the time allowed DOS users to visually navigate a virtual desktop, opening graphical windows displaying the contents of electronic folders and files with the click of a mouse button, rather than typing commands and directory paths at a text prompt.Wth the 2001 release of windows XP, Microsoft united its various Windows packages under a single banner, offering multiple editions for consumers, businesses, multimedia developers, and others. Windows 7, an OS whose interface was similar to that of Vista but was met with 23 enthusiasm for its noticeable speed improvement and its modest system requirements. 17. MICROSOFT WORD And its features... Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), Apple Macintosh running Mac OS (1985), AT&T Unix PC (1985), 24 Atari ST (1988), SCO Unix (1994), OS/2 (1989), and Microsoft Windows (1989). Commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office, Windows RT or the discontinued Microsoft Works suite. Freeware editions of Word are Microsoft Word Viewer and Office Online, both of which have limited features. A full-featured word processing program for Windows and Mac OS X from Microsoft. Available stand-alone or as part of the Microsoft Office suite, Word contains rudimentary desktop publishing capabilities and is the most widely used word processing program on the market. Word files are commonly used as the format for sending text documents via e-mail because almost every user with a computer can read a Word 25 document by using the Word application, a Word viewer or a word processor that imports the Word format (see Microsoft Word Viewer). Word 95 for Windows was the first 32-bit version of the product, released with Office 95 around the same time as Windows 95. It was a straightforward port of Word 6.0 and it introduced few new features, one of them being red-squiggle underlined spell-checking. Starting with Word 95, releases of Word were named after the year of its release, instead of its version number. 18. FILE EXTENSIONS Microsoft Word's native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or .docx file extension. Although the .doc extension has been used in many different versions of Word, it actually encompasses four distinct file formats: The newer .docx extension signifies the Office Open XMLinternational standard for Office documents and is used by Word 2007, 2010 and 2013 for Windows, Word 2008 and 2011 for Mac OS X, as well as by a growing number of applications from other vendors, including OpenOffice.org Writer, an open source word processing program. 26 Microsoft Word is a word processing program that makes your job easier. It will check your document for spelling and/or grammar errors for you so that you can correct them, and makes it easier to replace words or phrases through out your document at one time. It's much faster and easier than the old method of using white out, or having to retype the entire document on a typewriter! 19. BENEFITS Microsoft Word contains many tools that the computer user can utilize to make the creation of electronic documents easier. A few of the most popular tools included are spell checker, automatic grammar checking, extensive formatting tools and a thesaurus. Format The latest version of Microsoft Word saves documents with the .docx extension by default, but Word does have the option to save documents in a variety of formats including .doc, .txt and .rtf. 27 Security Later versions of Microsoft Word contain integrated security features such as password protection. It is also possible to restrict what portion of a document -- if any -can be edited by anyone other than the author. Composition and Editing Microsoft Word allows users to type words, sentences and paragraphs much like a typewriter. However, Microsoft Word allows you to edit your words after typing them. For example, you can correct spelling, grammar, change words, delete or add words or even move entire blocks of text to other parts of the document. Formatting and Saving Microsoft Word contains many features that will allow you to format your text using boldface type, italics, underlining, headers and footers, bullets and numbering. The program will also allow you to save your document electronically to the computer's hard drive so that the document can be re-opened at a later date. 28 Printing Microsoft Word can also help print your document. With Word, you can select printing options, such as choosing the printer you wish to print on or selecting how many copies 20. of the document you want to print. HOW TO USE MSWORD Switch on your computer and wait until a whole lot of picture symbols appear with a Start button on the bottom left of the screen. Use the left button on the mouse to click on the Start button. Then click on programmes and then double-click on the MSWORD programme. Some computers have a MSWORD symbol that will come up when your computer is on and you do not have to go to start simply double click the left button of the mouse on the symbol. The Microsoft word programme will appear on the screen. There will be a blank screen called Document 1. Every thing you type is called a document. To start a new document (click on new) You can use the block with a folder on it on the toolbar to do this more quickly. Use your mouse to click on it.) 29 To open an old document (click on open) and then click on the name of the document you want to open To close a document. The computer will ask you if you want to save it before you close it and then you click on Yes or No. If you press save, the document will be saved under its heading in the general folder called My Documents. You can do this with the block on the toolbar showing stiffy disk. Save As allows you to save a document under a new name in the folder of your choice. When you click on Save as, a new box will open on screen. First go to the Save In square. It should say My Page set up allows you to change the margins of the page so that you can get more (or less) typing on a page. Print preview allows you to see what the document will look like on a printed page. Print allows you to print the document if your computer is connected to a printer. The last section says Exit. If you click on this the MSWORD programme will shut down and you can return to Windows. 30 The Edit title This section allows you to change or edit your work. The most useful tools in the list are Cut, Copy and Paste. Cut: this allows you to delete a section but not to throw it away completely in case you need it later. Use your mouse and drag it over the section you want to delete. Then go to Edit. Click Cut. If you want to use it again you can add it in later or move it to another section. You use the Paste command to move the section to a new place. Take your cursor to where you want to place the section. Click on Edit. Click Paste and the cut section will be pasted or put in this new place. We call this Cutting and Pasting. You can also Copy a section of your work and use it again. Highlight the section with your mouse. Click on edit.Click on Copy. Then take your cursor to the new place you want to put it. Click on Edit. Click Paste and the section will be repeated. The View title When you type a document the view on screen is in Normal mode or as it appears on the screen. You can look at it in Layout (as it would appear) printed or in other ways. A quick way of looking at your page layout is to use the toolbar and click on the blank page with a magnifying glass on it. 31 The Insert title This is useful for inserting Page Breaks (that is, beginning a new page), page numbers, footnotes, pictures and so on. You can also use this box to insert page numbers. Click on Page Numbers and then click on OK. If you want to copy documents on both sides of a page, it is best to put your page number in the middle of the page at the bottom. To do this click on the box called Alignment and then click on Centered. The Format title This is useful for layout or making your document look attractive. There are various headings. Font: This is the type of print or shape of print you are using. Your MSWORD programme comes with a few options like Arial, New Times Roman, Century Gothic and so on. You can set the font type and the size of letters for a document before you start working. Paragraph: The paragraph section allows you to change the margins of a paragraph. It also allows you to change your line spacing to single, or bigger. Bullets and Numbers: Bullets allow you to mark points in different ways, using dots, or arrows or blocks and so on. 32 Highlight the section you want to bullet and then click on Format, then on Bullets and Numbering and then on the type of bullets you like. Borders and shading: allows you to put a border around your whole document or to put a box or border around a paragraph. Columns: allow you to arrange your whole document into columns. Change case: Sometimes one types in capitals by mistake. The Tools title This has a helpful button to check the spelling in your whole document. Miss-spelt words are underlined in red as you make the error. It is quicker to correct all the errors at the end, rather than do them one by one. You do this by going to Tools.Click on Spelling. The spell-check will give you options click on the correct spelling and the click on Change. The Table title Insert Table allows you to make a new table. Click on the number of lines and columns you need. You can change the 33 numbers by clicking on the little black arrows next to the number. Then click on OK.. The toolbar Look at your toolbar. On the top left it will show the font and size in white boxes. You can change your font and its size by clicking on the arrows next to each and selecting what you want. These are a quick way for you to make some words or headings Bold (B), to type some words in italics (I) or to underline them (U). 21. MICROSOFT POWERPOINT Microsoft PowerPoint is a slide-basedpresentation program developed by Microsoft. It was officially launched on May 22, 1990, as a part of the Microsoft Office suite. The benefits of PowerPoint are continuously debated. The term "PowerPoint hell" has been coined for long, tedious PowerPoint presentations that bore the audience. Originally designed for the Macintosh computer, the initial release was called "Presenter", developed by Dennis Austinand 34 Thomas Rudkinof Forethought, Inc.In 1987, it was renamed to "PowerPoint" due to problems with trademarks, the idea for the name coming from Robert Gaskins. In August of the same year, Forethought was bought by Microsoft for $14 million USD ($29.1 million in present-day terms), and became Microsoft's Graphics Business Unit, which continued to develop the software further. PowerPoint was officially launched on May 22, 1990, the same day that Microsoft released Windows 3.0. PowerPoint presentations consist of a number of individual pages or "slides". The "slide" analogy is a reference to the slide projector. A better analogy would be the "foils" (or transparencies/plastic sheets) that are shown with an overhead 35 projector, although they are in decline now. Slides may contain text, graphics, sound, movies, and other objects, which may be arranged freely. The presentation can be printed, displayed live on a computer, or navigated through at the command of the presenter. For larger audiences the computer display is often projected using a video projector. Slides can also form the basis of webcasts. PowerPoint provides three types of movements: 1. Entrance, emphasis, and exit of elements on a slide itself are controlled by what PowerPoint calls Custom Animations. 2. Transitions, on the other hand, are movements between slides. These can be animated in a variety of ways. 3. Custom animation can be used to create small story boards by animating pictures to enter, exit or move. PowerPoint provides numerous features that offer flexibility and the ability to create a professional presentation. One of the features provides the ability to create a presentation that includes music which plays throughout the entire presentation or sound 36 effects for particular slides. In addition to the ability to add sound files, the presentation can be designed to run, like a movie, on its own. PowerPoint allows the user to record the slide show with narration and a laser pointer. The user may customize slide shows to show the slides in a different order than originally designed and to have slides appear multiple times. Microsoft also offers the ability to broadcast the presentation to specific users via a link and Windows Live. 22. USES AND FEATURES OF MICROSOFT POWERPOINT Powerpoint is a very powerful program used to create and manipulate slideshows. It is commonly used in advertising because of its wide range of visual effects. It's very easy to get started with Powerpoint by using the help file with the program. It is not hard to create a very simple powerpoint presentation with text and some graphics. When you start to get better, the more powerful features are very useful. These include the slide master, which allows you to modify aspects of every slide including global copy/paste, custom animation schemes, slide 37 transitions, background effects and interactive powerpoints with a system of links and buttons, where the user chooses options. Interactive powerpoints have anything from a button to move to the next slide to a full compliment of hyperlinks that function like a nested website. The main features of Microsoft PowerPoint include having advanced cropping tool and artistic filters such as blur, paintbrush as well as watercolour. These features help in adding visual impact to the presentations. The 2010 edition also has video styles and effects such as 3-D rotation, reflections and bevels. 23. OPENING POWERPOINT To open PowerPoint in Windows, click on the Start button --> Programs --> Microsoft PowerPoint OR Double-click on the PowerPoint icon on the desktop * If the tip of the day appears, click 'OK' 38 ** If the Office Assistant appears, click on 'Start Using Microsoft PowerPoint' In PowerPoint 2000 you will see the following dialog, which gives you the option to choose where to start from: "AutoContent Wizard" walks you through a series of questions about your presentation, letting you choose from a variety of predetermined content themes, visual styles, and formatting options. You can answer all of the questions or skip some and click "Finish" at any time. "Design Template"allows you to choose from various background designs and slide styles to use throughout your presentation. Clicking the various presentation options shows thumbnail views of their designs. Click "OK" to choose one. "Blank Presentation" starts you out with blank slides. This is the default in the latest PowerPoint version (XP). 39 24. PURPOSE OF USING POWER POINT Function A Microsoft PowerPoint presentation consists of a series of user-created slides. PowerPoint has several templates to assist with slide creation, or users may opt for a design of their own. PowerPoint presentations can be displayed via most video projectors and can be printed out as a takeaway for the audience. Features Pictures, graphs, video and sound can all be integrated into a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation. The most recent version, PowerPoint 2010, also allows users to share PowerPoint presentations over the Internet with its Broadcast Slide Show feature. 40 Considerations Microsoft PowerPoint is included in most recent versions of Microsoft Office Suite. It also can be purchased as a standalone product. 25. CREATE A POWERPOINT SLIDE SHOW When beginning a new slide show, PowerPoint provides an array of templates to choose from. Experienced users with a specific look in mind can start with a blank presentation for setting attributes, such as colors and fonts, to their own specifications. After creating the initial file, the next step is to create a slide, which can be done by using an auto layout, or a blank screen in order to add components manually. You can then choose to add a combination of text and graphics to suit the needs of the presentation, and apply animation to either of these elements to create a dynamic effect. You can add as many slides and make them as content-rich as your system can handle; there are no limits imposed in the software itself. 26. MICROSOFT EXCEL 41 Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. It features calculation, graphing a macro programming tools, pivot language tables, called Visual Basic and for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. 42 Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter- named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager).[3] It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics,[4][5] and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer, [6] or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports.[7][8][9] In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external 43 databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule, [10] analyze the results, make a Wordreport or PowerPoint slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants. 27. MICROSOFT EXCEL SHORTCUT KEYS Action Alternates between displaying cell values and displaying formulas in the worksheet. Excel shortcut CTRL+` Alternates between hiding objects, displaying objects, and displaying placeholders for CTRL+6 objects. Applies or removes bold formatting CTRL+2 44 Applies or removes bold formatting CTRL+B Applies or removes italic formatting CTRL+3 Applies or removes italic formatting CTRL+I Applies or removes underlining CTRL+4 Applies or removes underlining CTRL+V Applies the Currency format with two decimal places Applies the Date format with the day, month, and year Applies the Exponential number format with two decimal places Applies the General number format CTRL+$ CTRL+# CTRL+^ CTRL+~ Applies the Number format with two decimal CTRL+! places, thousands separator, and minus sign (-) 45 for negative values Applies the outline border to the selected cells CTRL+& Applies the Percentage format with no decimal places Applies the Time format with the hour and minute, and AM or PM CTRL+% CTRL+@ Calculates all worksheets in all open workbooks, regardless of whether they have CTRL+ALT+F9 changed since the last calculation Calculates all worksheets in all open workbooks F9 Calculates the active worksheet SHIFT+F9 Closes and reopens the current task pane CTRL+F1 Closes the selected workbook window CTRL+F4 Closes the selected workbook window CTRL+X 46 Copies the selected cells CTRL+C Copies the value from the cell above the active cell into the cell or the Formula Bar" CTRL+" Creates a chart of the data in the current range ALT+F1 28. LIST OF SHORTCUT KEYS FOR THE PROGRAM MICROSOFT WORD Action Keybord shortcut Application window-maximize Alt-F10 Application window-previous Alt-Shift-F6 Application window-restore Alt-F5 AutoFormat Ctrl-Alt-K 47 AutoText-create Alt-F3 AutoText-insert entry Ctrl-Alt-V AutoText-insert entry F3 Bold Ctrl-B Bookmarks Ctrl-Shift-F5 Break-column Ctrl-Shift-Enter Break-page Ctrl-Enter Browse a document Ctrl-Alt-Home Browse next/previous item Ctrl-PgDn/PgUp Capatilize word shift+f3 Case-All Caps Ctrl-Shift-A Close Ctrl-F4 48 Close Ctrl-W Copy Ctrl + C Copy formatting Ctrl-Shift-C Create a nonbreaking hyphen CTRL+HYPHEN Create a nonbreaking space CTRL+SHIFT+SPACEBAR Customize a menu Ctrl-Alt = Customize a shortcut Ctrl-Alt-Num + Cut Ctrl-X Date Field Alt-Shift-D Decrease font size CTRL+SHIFT+< Dialog box next tabbed section Ctrl-Tab Dialog box previous tabbed section Ctrl-Shift-Tab 49 Document window-move Ctrl-F7 Document window-restore Ctrl-F5 Document window-size Ctrl-F8 29. POWERPOINT SHORTCUT KEYS Action PowerPoint shortcut Bold Ctrl-B Close Ctrl-W Close Ctrl-F4 Copy Ctrl-C Find Ctrl-F Italics Ctrl-I Menu bar F10 50 New slide Ctrl-N Next window Ctrl-F6 Open Ctrl-O Paste Ctrl-V Print Ctrl-P Repeat Find Shift-F4 Repeat/Redo Ctrl-Y Replace Ctrl-H Save Ctrl-S Slide Show: Begin F5 Slide Show: Black screen show/hide B Slide Show: End Esc Slide Show: Erase annotations E 51 Slide Show: Go to next hidden slide Slide Show: Hide pointer and button always Slide Show: Hide pointer and button temporarily H Ctrl-L Ctrl-H Slide Show: Mouse pointer to arrow Ctrl-A Slide Show: Mouse pointer to pen Ctrl-P Slide Show: Next slide N Slide Show: Previous slide P Slide Show: Set new timings while rehearsing Slide Show: Stop/restart automatic slide show T S 52 Slide Show: Use mouse-click to advance (rehearsing) M Slide Show: Use original timings O Slide Show: White screen show/hide W Spelling and Grammar check F7 Switch to the next presentation window Ctrl-F6 Switch to the next tab in a dialog box Switch to the previous presentation window Switch to the previous tab in a dialog box Ctrl-Tab / Ctrl-Page Down Ctrl-Shift-F6 Ctrl-Shift-Tab / CtrlPage Up Turn character formatting on or of Num / Underline Ctrl-U 53 30. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Word http://www.slideshare.net/akeebsiddiqui/20-uniquefeatures-of-msword 54 https://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~damithch/pages/mswordtip s.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint http://www.ask.com/question/what-are-the-main-features- of-microsoft-powerpoint http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.htm http://answers.ask.com/computers/other/what_is_the_purp ose_of_microsoft_word http://www.simpopdf.com/resource/what-is-microsoft- powerpoint-used -for.html http://gethelp.library.upenn.edu/workshops/biomed/ppt/op en.html http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-start- powerpoint-2007.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email

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