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Manav Kohli
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www.iasscore.in 1 3 EDUCATION - PROGRAMS & POLICIES Literacy National Literacy Mission Authority (NLMA) Adult Education is a Concurrent Subject with both Central and State Governments being required to contribute to its promotion and strengthening. At the national level, National Literacy Mission Authority (NLMA), an autonomous wing of MHRD is the nodal agency for overall planning and management and funding of Adult Education Programs and institutions. 2. It was set up in 1988 with the approval of the Cabinet as an independent and autonomous wing of the Ministry of HRD (the then Department of Education). The Cabinet vested NLMA with full executive and financial powers in the sphere of work. 3. National Literacy Mission Authority is mandated with OR E 1. SC a. Policy and planning; b. Developmental and promotional activities; c. Operational functions including assistance to voluntary agencies and other NGOs, e. Leadership training GS d. Technology demonstration f. Resource development including media and materials g. Research and development h. Monitoring and evaluation etc. 4. Presently, the provision of adult education is through the Saakshar Bharat Programme (SBP) which is a centrally sponsored scheme. The National Literacy Mission Authority (NLMA), is the Nodal Agency at the National level. The Joint Secretary (Adult Education) is the ex - officio Director General of NLMA. 5. Its inter - ministerial General Council and Executive Committee are the two policy and executive bodies. a. The Council of NLMA - Is the apex body of NLMA, headed by Minister of Human Resource Development and consists of, among others, Ministers of Panchayati Raj, Rural Development, Minority Affairs, Information and Broadcasting etc. Notes b. Executive Committee - The Executive Committee is responsible to carry out all the functions of the Authority in accordance with the policy and guidelines laid down by the Council. It strives for proper implementation of policies and incorporation of latest developments in the field of adult education. 1 www.iasscore.in Sakshar Bharat 1. Saakshar Bharat has been formulated in 2009 with the objective of achieving 80% literacy level by 2012 at national level, by focusing on adult women literacy seeking - to reduce the gap between male and female literacy to not more than 10 percentage points. 2. The mission has four broader objectives, namely a. imparting functional literacy and numeracy to non-literates; b. acquiring equivalency to formal educational system; c. imparting relevant skill development programme; and d. Promote a leaning society by providing opportunities for continuing education. The Mission goes beyond '3' R's (i.e. Reading, Writing & Arithmetic) ; for it also seeks to create awareness of social disparities and a person's deprivation on the means for its amelioration and general well being. OR E 3. a. The principal target of the mission is to impart functional literacy to 70 million non-literate adults in the age group of 15 years and beyond. b. The mission will cover 14 million SCs, 8 million STs, 12 million minorities & 36 million others. The overall coverage of women will be 60 million. 410 districts belonging to 26 States/UTs of the country have been identified to be covered under Saakshar Bharat. Eligibility criteria for coverage under Saakshar Bharat. - SC 4. a. A district, including a new district carved out of an erstwhile district that had adult female literacy rate of 50 per cent or below, as per 2001 census, is eligible for coverage under the Saakshar Bharat programme. GS b. In addition, all left wing extremism-affected districts, irrespective of their literacy rate, are also eligible for coverage under the programme. Elementary Education a) Article 21-A/ Right to Education Act, 2009 1. Background - a. The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002 inserted Article 21-A in the Constitution of India to provide free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right in such a manner as the State may, by law, determine. b. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009, which represents the consequential legislation envisaged under Article 21-A, means that every child has a right to full time elementary education of satisfactory and equitable quality in a formal school which satisfies certain essential norms and standards. c. Article 21-A and the RTE Act came into effect on 1 April 2010. 2. The RTE Act provides for the: Notes a. Right of children to free and compulsory education till completion of elementary education in a neighbourhood school. 2 www.iasscore.in b. It clarifies that 'compulsory education' means obligation of the appropriate government to provide free elementary education and ensure compulsory admission, attendance and completion of elementary education to every child in the six to fourteen age group. 'Free' means that no child shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or charges or expenses which may prevent him or her from pursuing and completing elementary education. c. It makes provisions for a non-admitted child to be admitted to an age appropriate class. d. It specifies the duties and responsibilities of appropriate Governments, local authority and parents in providing free and compulsory education, and sharing of financial and other responsibilities between the Central and State Governments. e. It lays down the norms and standards relating inter alia to Pupil Teacher Ratios (PTRs), buildings and infrastructure, school-working days, teacher-working hours. OR E f. It provides for rational deployment of teachers by ensuring that the specified pupil teacher ratio is maintained for each school, rather than just as an average for the State or District or Block, thus ensuring that there is no urban-rural imbalance in teacher postings. It also provides for prohibition of deployment of teachers for non-educational work, other than decennial census, elections to local authority, state legislatures and parliament, and disaster relief. SC g. It provides for appointment of appropriately trained teachers, i.e. teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications. h. It prohibits (a) physical punishment and mental harassment; (b) screening procedures for admission of children; (c) capitation fee; (d) private tuition by teachers and (e) running of schools without recognition, 3. GS i. It provides for development of curriculum in consonance with the values enshrined in the Constitution, and which would ensure the all-round development of the child, building on the child's knowledge, potentiality and talent and making the child free of fear, trauma and anxiety through a system of child friendly and child centered learning. With this, India has moved forward to a rights based framework that casts a legal obligation on the Central and State Governments to implement this fundamental child right as enshrined in the Article 21A of the Constitution, in accordance with the provisions of the RTE Act. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan SSA, the principal programme for Universal Elementary Education (UEE), is the culmination of all previous endeavours and experiences in implementing various education programmes. While each of these programmes and projects had a specific focus-Operation Blackboard on improving physical infrastructure; DPEP on primary education; Shiksha Karmi Project on teacher absenteeism, and Lok Jumbish Project on girls' education-SSA has been the single largest holistic programme addressing all aspects of elementary education covering over one million elementary schools and Education Guarantee Centre (EGS)/Alternate and Innovative Education (AIE) Centres and about 20 crore children. 2. SSA has been operational since 2000-2001 to provide for a variety of interventions for universal access and retention, bridging of gender and social category gaps in elementary education and improving the quality of learning. Notes 1. 3 www.iasscore.in 3. SSA interventions include inter alia, a. opening of new schools and alternate schooling facilities, b. construction of schools and additional classrooms, c. toilets and drinking water, d. provisioning for teachers, e. regular teacher in service training and academic resource support, f. Free textbooks& uniforms and support for improving learning achievement levels / outcome. 4. With the passage of the RTE Act, changes have been incorporated into the SSA approach, strategies and norms. The changes encompass the vision and approach to elementary education, guided by the following principles : OR E a. Holistic view of education, as interpreted in the National Curriculum Framework 2005, with implications for a systemic revamp of the entire content and process of education with significant implications for curriculum, teacher education, educational planning and management. b. Equity, to mean not only equal opportunity, but also creation of conditions in which the disadvantaged sections of the society - children of SC, ST, Muslim minority, landless agricultural workers and children with special needs, etc. - can avail of the opportunity. SC c. Access, not to be confined to ensuring that a school becomes accessible to all children within specified distance but implies an understanding of the educational needs and predicament of the traditionally excluded categories - the SC, ST and others sections of the most disadvantaged groups, the Muslim minority, girls in general, and children with special needs. 5. GS d. Gender concern, implying not only an effort to enable girls to keep pace with boys but to view education in the perspective spelt out in the National Policy on Education 1986 /92; i.e. a decisive intervention to bring about a basic change in the status of women. Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative and Innovative Education a. Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative Innovative Education (EGS and AIE) is an important component of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) to bring out-of- school children in the fold of Elementary Education. b. The scheme envisages that child-wise planning is undertaken for each out-of-School child. c. Under EGS, educational facilities are set up in habitations that do not have a primary school within a distance of 1 km. d. Any habitation with 25 out-of-schools in the 6-14 age groups (15 in the cases of hilly and desert areas and tribal hamlets) is eligible to have an EGS centre. e. It is a transitory facility till primary school replaces it within a period of two years. Notes f. Alternative education interventions for specific categories of very deprived children e.g., child labour, street children, migrating children, working children, children living in difficult circumstances and older children in the 9+ age group especially adolescent girls are being supported under EGS and AIE all over the country. 4 www.iasscore.in g. A sizeable number of out-of-school children are in the habitations where schooling facility is available but these children either did not join the school or dropped out before completing their schooling. These children may not fit into the rigid formal system. To bring such children back to school, back to school camp and Bridge Courses strategies have been implemented. Bridge courses and back-to-school camps can be residential or non-residential depending upon the need of children. Mid-Day Meal Scheme (Nutrition based Education Program to Ensure more Presence) The MDMS is the world's largest school meal programme and reaches an estimated 12 crore children across 12 lakh schools in India. OR E The MDMS emerged out of the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP NSPE), a centrally sponsored scheme formulated in 1995 to improve enrollment, attendance and retention by providing free food grains to government run primary schools. In 2002, the Supreme Court directed the government to provide cooked mid day meals (as opposed to providing dry rations) in all government and government aided primary schools. Calorie norms for the meals have been regularly revised starting from 300 calories in 2004, when the scheme was relaunched as the Mid Day Meal Scheme. At present the MDMS provides children in government aided schools and education centres a cooked meal for a minimum of 200 days. Table 1 outlines the prescribed nutritional content of the meals. Table 1: Prescribed nutritional content for mid day meals Primary (grade 1-5) Upper Primary(grade 6-8) Calories 450 700 Protein (in grams) 12 SC Item 20 GS Objectives: The key objectives of the MDMS are to address the issues of hunger and education in schools by serving hot cooked meals; improve the nutritional status of children and improve enrollment, attendance and retention rates in schools and other education centres. Finances: The cost of the MDMS is shared between the central and state governments. The central government provides free food grains to the states. The cost of cooking, infrastructure development, transportation of food grains and payment of honorarium to cooks and helpers is shared by the centre with the state governments. The central government provides a greater share of funds. The contribution of state governments differs from state to state. Monitoring and Evaluation: There are some interstate variations in the monitoring and evaluation mechanisms of the MDMS. A National Steering cum Monitoring Committee and a Programme Approval Board have been established at the national level, to monitor the programme, conduct impact assessments, coordinate between state governments and provide policy advice to central and state governments. Review Missions consisting of representatives from central and state governments and non governmental agencies have been established. In addition, independent monitoring institutions such as state universities and research institutions monitor the implementation of the scheme. Notes At the state level, a three tier monitoring mechanism exists in the form of state, district and block level steering cum monitoring committees. Gram panchayats and municipalities are responsible for day to day supervision and may assign the supervision of the programme at the school level to the Village Education Committee, School Management and Development Committee or Parent Teacher Association. 5 www.iasscore.in Key issues with implementation: While there is significant inter-state variation in the implementation of the MDSM, there are some common concerns with the implementation of the scheme. Some of the concerns highlighted by the Ministry for Human Resource Development based on progress reports submitted by the states in 2012 are detailed in Table 3. Table 3: Key implementation issues in the MDMS State(s) where these problems have been reported Irregularity in serving meals Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Arunachal Pradesh Irregularity in supply of food Orissa, Maharashtra, Tripura, Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, grains to schools Delhi, Andhra Pradesh Caste based discrimination Orissa, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh in serving of food Poor quality of food Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Chhattisgarh Poor coverage under School Orissa, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Manipur, Health Programme Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh Poor infrastructure (kitchen Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Gujarat, Chandigarh, Himachal sheds in particular) Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Orissa SC Poor hygiene OR E Issue Delhi, Rajasthan, Puducherry, Poor community participation Most states - Delhi, Jharkhand, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh in particular Analysis GS Best practices: Several state governments have evolved practices to improve the implementation of the MDMS in their states. These include involving mothers of students in implementation of the scheme in Uttarakhand and Jharkhand; creation of kitchen gardens, i.e., food is grown in the premises of the school, in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab and West Bengal; construction of dining halls in Tamil Nadu; and increased community participation in the implementation of the scheme Gujarat. Micronutrient deficiencies such as iron and vitamin A have an overwhelming impact in India. Amongst 7 to 12 year old children in India over 86 per cent have been found to be consuming below the recommended level of Vitamin A and over 46 per cent consuming insufficient iron. Micronutrient deficiencies can impair children's cognitive development, cause lack of concentration, school absenteeism and even illness. A programme at this scale has some challenges but simple and innovative solutions have already been tried and proven. Among key areas which need to be strengthened for the MDM to achieve its desired objectives, are enhancing the nutritional value of the food and controlling disease among children. Notes Addressing micronutrient deficiencies through the MDM is an essential investment not only in improving nutrition but also for welfare, human rights and economic development. A rigorous study in Guatemala found that boys under the age of three, who received a fortified complementary food, earned 46 per cent more than others who did not, when they grew up. Addressing hunger in school also makes for a more conducive learning environment. 6 www.iasscore.in World Food Programme (WFP) has been working to support the government of India in finding solutions to strengthen the country's food-based safety nets in order to address existing levels of malnutrition and food insecurity. Fortification is a good example of how we are working together. #1. Fortification is a tried and tested process through which micronutrients are added to food items. Fortification of staples such as rice and wheat with iron and Vitamin A have been successfully piloted in India with encouraging results. Cooked meals can also be fortified with micronutrient pre-mixes. At a reasonable cost, fortification can result in rapid improvement in the micronutrient status of a group. WFP,in partnership with the government of Odisha, piloted iron fortification of MDM rice in one district. Within one year of the pilot the prevalence of anaemia fell by 5 per cent. Another fortification pilot by WFP and government of Uttarakhand, in the Tehri Garhwal District, resulted in a reduction of iron deficiency anaemia among the children by over 8 per cent in eight months. OR E #2. Integrating safe and hygienic practices in the MDM is essential to ensure any progress is not watered down with the onset of diseases. This needs to be established throughout the food supply chain, during preparation and consumption. Cooking and storage facilities need to be hygienic, there needs to be a continuous supply of water for hand washing and cleaning products, appropriate kit with aprons, gloves and caps for the cooks and safe food waste disposal. The importance of adequate toilets has already been flagged by the government's ongoing push to build a toilet in every school. SC #3. Improving school management: Further, change and support from school management, cooking staff and the children themselves, is vital for the scheme to have the intended effect. It is essential that the cooking staff have regular health checks and adopt hygienic standards such as washing their hands as well as those of the children before and after eating meals. Three important messages that need to be reiterated to all stakeholders are clean hands, clean utensils, clean cooking and serving area. GS To successfully improve nutrition, it is essential to have strategies and convergence across sectors including food, health, safe drinking water and sanitation. With one in three of world's malnourished children living in this country, this investment is imperative for India. MDM is well placed to support the nutritional requirements of a large number of India's children but some stark gaps regarding hygiene and the nutritional value of every meal needs to be addressed to enhance the impact of this investment. Special Programs For Education of Girl Child NPEGEL - National Program for Education of Girls at Elementary Level This is a focused intervention of Government of India, to reach the "Hardest to Reach" girls, especially those not in school. Launched in 2003 It is a component of SSA Where implemented 'In educationally backward blocks (EEB) where the level of rural female literacy is less than the national average and the gender gap is above the national average How it works It provides additional support for enhancing girl's education over and above the investments for girl's education through normal SSA interventions. Notes The program provides for development of a "model school" in every cluster with more intense community mobilization and supervision of girls enrolment in schools. 7 www.iasscore.in Gender sensitization of teachers, development of gender-sensitive learning materials, and provision of need-based incentives like escorts, stationery, workbooks and uniforms are some of the endeavors under the program. KGBV - Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) is a scheme for setting up residential schools at upper primary level for girls belonging predominantly to the SC, ST, OBC and minority communities. The scheme provides for a minimum reservation of 75% of the seats for girls belonging to SC, ST, OBC or minority communities and 25 % to girls from families that below poverty line. It was launched in 2004, But since 2007 (1st april 2007), the scheme was merged with Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan as a separate component of SSA program. (I.E. in 11th Plan it was merged with SSA). So at present it runs as a separate component under SSA. The scheme is being implemented in educationally backward blocks (EEB's) of the country. i.e. those blocks where the OR E Female rural literacy is below the national average and Gender gap in literacy is above the national average. Mahila Samakhya Program The National Policy on Education, 1986 recognized that the empowerment of women is possibly the most critical pre-condition for the participation of girls and women in the educational process. The Mahila Samakhya programme was launched in 1988 to pursue the objectives of the National Policy on Education, 1986. 2. It recognized that education can be an effective tool for women's empowerment, the parameters of which are: SC 1. GS a. enhancing self-esteem and self-confidence of women; b. building a positive image of women by recognizing their contribution to the society, polity and the economy; c. developing ability to think critically; d. fostering decision making and action through collective processes; e. enabling women to make informed choices in areas like education, employment and health (especially reproductive health); f. ensuring equal participation in developmental processes; g. providing information, knowledge and skill for economic independence; enhancing access to legal literacy and information relating to their rights and entitlements in society with a view to enhance their participation on an equal footing in all areas The MS scheme recognizes the centrality of education in empowering women to achieve equality. Notes The Mahila Sanghas or women's collectives at the village level provide the women a space to meet, reflect, ask questions and articulate their thoughts and needs to make informed choices. 8 www.iasscore.in The Mahila Sanghas through various programmes and awareness campaigns have brought about a change in the outlook of rural women and the effects can now be seen in various facets of life at home within the family, the community and at the block, and Panchayat levels. The programme has also focused on awareness of the need to educate the children, especially girls, to give the equal status and opportunities which has resulted in a direct impact on enrolment and retention of girls in schools. The Mahila Samakhya Scheme is currently being implemented in ten states, viz., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand spread over 102 districts and covering more than 21,000 villages. Currently, DFID (UK) is providing assistance of 35 million sterling to this programme on the basis of a 90:10 fund sharing pattern between DFID and Government of India for a seven year period from 2007-14. OR E Incentives To Girls For Secondary Education 1. To promote enrolment of girl child in the age group of 14-18 at secondary stage, especially those who passed Class VIII and to encourage the secondary education of such girls, the Centrally Sponsored Scheme. National Scheme of Incentives to Girls for Secondary Education was launched in May,2008. 2. The Scheme covers: a. All SC/ST girls who pass class VIII and SC b. Girls, who pass class VIII examination from Kastrurba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas (irrespective of whether they belong to Scheduled Castes or Tribes) and enroll for class IX in State/UT Government, Government-aided or local body schools in the academic year 2008-09 onwards. c. Girls should be below 16 years of age ( as on 31st March) on joining class IX 3. GS d. Married girls, girls studying in private un-aided schools and enrolled in schools run by Central Government are excluded. A sum of Rs.3,000/- is deposited in the name of eligible girls as fixed deposit. The girls are entitled to withdraw the sum along with interest thereon on reaching 18 years of age and on passing 10th class examination. Scheme for Construction and Running of Girls' Hostel for Students of Secondary and Higher Secondary Schools 1. Introduction a. This is a new Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in 2008-09 and is being implemented from 2009-10 to set up a 100-bedded Girls' Hostel in each of 3479 Educationally Backward Blocks (EBBs) in the country. b. The Scheme has replaced the earlier NGO driven Scheme for construction and running of Girls' Hostels for Students of Secondary and Higher Secondary Schools, under which assistance was provided to voluntary organizations for running Girls' Hostels. 2. Objective Notes a. The main objective of the Scheme is to retain the girl child in secondary school so that girl students are not denied the opportunity to continue their study due to distance to school, parents' financial affordability and other connected societal factors. 9 www.iasscore.in b. Another objective of the Scheme is to make Secondary and Senior Secondary education accessible to a larger number of girl students. 3. Target Group a. The girl students in the age group of 14-18 yrs. studying in classes IX and XII belonging to SC, ST, OBC, Minority communities and BPL families will form the target group of the Scheme. b. Students passing out of KGBV will be given preference in admission in hostels. At least 50% of girls admitted will be from SC, ST, OBC and Minority communities. Special Programs for Minority Education Scheme to Provide Quality Education in Madrasas (SPQEM) SPQEM seeks to bring about qualitative improvement in Madrasas to enable Muslim children attain standards of the national education system in formal education subjects. 2. The salient features of SPQEM scheme are : OR E 1. a. To strengthen capacities in Madrasas for teaching of the formal curriculum subjects like Science, Mathematics, Language, Social Studies etc. through enhanced payment of teacher honorarium. b. Training of such teachers every two years in new pedagogical practices. c. Providing Science labs, Computer labs with annual maintenance costs in the secondary and higher secondary stage madrasas. SC d. Provision of Science/Mathematics kits in primary/upper primary level madrassas. e. Strengthening of libraries/book banks and providing teaching learning materials at all levels of madrasas. The unique feature of this modified scheme is that it encourages linkage of Madrasas with National Institute for Open Schooling (NIOS), as accredited centres for providing formal education, which will enable children studying in such Madrasas to get certification for class 5, 8, 10 and 12. This will enable them to transit to higher studies and also ensure that quality standards akin to the national education system. Registration & examination fees to the NIOS will be covered under this scheme as also the teaching learning materials to be used. 4. The NIOS linkage will be extended under this scheme for Vocational Education at the secondary and higher secondary stage of Madrasas. 5. For the monitoring and popularization of the scheme it will fund State Madrasa Boards. GoI will itself run periodic evaluations, the first within two years. GS 3. Scheme for Infrastructure Development In Minority Institutes (IDMI) 1. IDMI has been operationalized to augment Infrastructure in Private Aided/Unaided Minority Schools/ Institutions in order to enhance quality of education to minority children. 2. The salient features of IDMI scheme are: Notes a. The scheme would facilitate education of minorities by augmenting and strengthening school infrastructure in Minority Institutions in order to expand facilities for formal education to children of minority communities. 10 www.iasscore.in b. The scheme will cover the entire country but, preference will be given to minority institutions (private aided/unaided schools) located in districts, blocks and towns having a minority population above 20%, c. The scheme will inter alia encourage educational facilities for girls, children with special needs and those who are most deprived educationally amongst minorities. d. The scheme will fund infrastructure development of private aided/unaided minority institutions to the extent of 75% and subject to a maximum of Rs. 50 lakhs per institution for strengthening of educational infrastructure and physical facilities in the existing school including additional classrooms, science / computer lab rooms, library rooms, toilets, drinking water facilities and hostel buildings for children especially for girls. Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan 1. This scheme was launched in March, 2009 2. Objective of the scheme - OR E Secondary Education a. to enhance access to secondary education and to improve its quality. SC b. to achieve an enrolment rate of 75% from 52.26% in 2005-06 at secondary stage of implementation of the scheme by providing a secondary school within a reasonable distance of any habitation. c. improving quality of education imparted at secondary level through making all secondary schools conform to prescribed norms, removing gender, socio-economic and disability barriers, providing universal access to secondary level education by 2017, i.e., by the end of 12th Five Year Plan and achieving universal retention by 2020. The Government of India approved the following revised norms of RMSA, with effect from 01.04.2013 under which the following Centrally Sponsored Schemes of Secondary Education are subsumed under the umbrella RMSA - GS 3. a. Information and Communication Technology (ICT)@ School, b. Girls' Hostel, c. Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage(IEDSS) and d. Vocational Education(VE) e. The above mentioned schemes are now a component of RMSA 4. Implementation Mechanism Of The Scheme a. The scheme is being implemented by the State government societies established for implementation of the scheme. The central share is released to the implementing agency directly. The applicable State share is also released to the implementing agency by the respective State Governments. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in schools The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in schools have been subsumed in the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA). Now ICT in Schools is a component of the RMSA. Notes 1. 11 www.iasscore.in 2. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Schools was launched in December, 2004 and revised in 2010 to provide opportunities to secondary stage students to mainly build their capacity on ICT skills and make them learn through computer aided learning process. The Scheme is a major catalyst to bridge the digital divide amongst students of various socio economic and other geographical barriers. The Scheme provides support to States/UTs to establish computer labs on sustainable basis. 3. Components - The scheme has essentially four components: a. The first one is the partnership with State Government and Union Territories Administrations for providing computer aided education to Secondary and Higher Secondary Government and Government aided schools. b. The second is the establishment of smart schools, which shall be technology demonstrators. c. The third component is teacher related interventions, such as provision for engagement of an exclusive teacher, capacity enhancement of all teachers in ICT and a scheme for national ICT award as a means of motivation. OR E d. Fourth one relates to the development of a e-content, mainly through Central Institute of Education Technologies (CIET), six State Institutes of Education Technologies (SIETs) and 5 Regional Institutes of Education (RIEs), as also through outsourcing. Scheme of Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS) 1. Timeline SC a. The Scheme of Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS) has been launched from the year 2009-10. b. This Scheme replaces the earlier scheme of Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC) and provides assistance for the inclusive education of the disabled children in classes IX-XII. GS c. This scheme now subsumed under Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) from 2013. The States/UTs are also in the process of subsuming under RMSA as RMSA subsumed Scheme. 2. Aim - To enabled all students with disabilities, to pursue further four years of secondary schooling after completing eight years of elementary schooling in an inclusive and enabling environment. 3. Objectives 4. The scheme covers all children studying at the secondary stage in Government, local body and Governmentaided schools, with one or more disabilities as defined under the Persons with Disabilities Act (1995) and the National Trust Act (1999) in the class IX to XII, namely blindness, low vision, leprosy cured, hearing impairment, locomotory disabilities, mental retardation, mental illness, autism, and cerebral palsy and may eventually cover speech impairment, learning disabilities, etc. 5. Components a. Student-oriented components, such as medical and educational assessment, books and stationery, uniforms, transport allowance, reader allowance, stipend for girls, support services, assistive devices, boarding the lodging facility, therapeutic services, teaching learning materials, etc. Notes b. Other components include appointment of special education teachers, allowances for general teachers for teaching such children, teacher training, orientation of school administrators, establishment of resource room, providing barrier free environment, etc. 12 www.iasscore.in 6. Implementing Agency a. The School Education Department of the State Governments/Union Territory (UT) Administrations are the implementing agencies. They may involve NGOs having experience in the field of education of the disabled in the implementation of the scheme. 7. Financial Assistance a. Central assistance for all items covered in the scheme is on 100 percent basis. b. The State governments are only required to make provisions for scholarship of Rs. 600/- per disabled child per annum. Vocationalization of Secondary Education The Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Vocationalization of Secondary Education at + 2 level is being implemented since 1988. The revised scheme is in operation since 1992-93. The Scheme provides for financial assistance to the States to set up administrative structure, area vocational surveys, preparation of curriculum, text book, work book curriculum guides, training manual, teacher training programme, strengthening technical support system for research and development, training and evaluation etc. It also provides financial assistance to NGOs and voluntary organizations towards implementation of specific innovative projects for conducting short-term courses. Based on the recommendations of various Committees/Review Groups, the existing Scheme is being revised SC OR E Model School Note - The Model School Scheme Has Been Delinked From The Support Of The Government Of India And As Such The Scheme Stands Transferred To States/UTs For Further Appropriate Action. 2. The Model School scheme aims to provide quality education to talented rural children through setting up of 6,000 model schools at the rate of one school per block as benchmark of excellence. 3. The scheme has the following objectives: GS 1. a. To have at least one good quality senior secondary school in every block. b. To have a pace setting role c. To try out innovative curriculum and pedagogy d. To be a model in infrastructure, curriculum, evaluation and school governance 4. The scheme envisages setting up of (i) 3,500 schools in as many educationally backward blocks (EBBs) through State/UT Governments, and (ii) remaining 2,500 schools under Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode in blocks which are not educationally backward. National Means cum-Merit Scholarship Scheme The Centrally Sponsored Scheme "National Means-cum-Merit Scholarship Scheme (NMMSS)" was launched in May, 2008. 2. The objective of the scheme is to award scholarships to meritorious students of economically weaker sections to arrest their drop out at class VIII and encourage them to continue the study at secondary stage. Notes 1. 13 www.iasscore.in Scholarship of Rs.6000/- per annum (Rs.500/- per month) per student is awarded to selected students every year for study in classes from IX to XII in Government, Government aided and local body schools. 3. For academic year 2013-14 onward, separte examination for selection of students for NMMS Scholarships is being conducted by the State Governments. Scholarships are disbursed by the State Bank of India directly into the accounts of students on quarterly basis. 4) Higher Education Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) 1. Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS), launched in 2013 aims at providing strategic funding to eligible state higher educational institutions. 2. Funding a. The central funding (in the ratio of 65:35 for general category States and 90:10 for special category states) would be norm based and outcome dependent. OR E b. The funding would flow from the central ministry through the state governments/union territories to the State Higher Education Councils before reaching the identified institutions. c. The funding to states would be made on the basis of critical appraisal of State Higher Education Plans, which would describe each state's strategy to address issues of equity, access and excellence in higher education. 3. The salient objectives of RUSA are to; SC a. Improve the overall quality of state institutions by ensuring conformity to prescribed norms and standards and adopt accreditation as a mandatory quality assurance framework. b. Usher transformative reforms in the state higher education system by creating a facilitating institutional structure for planning and monitoring at the state level, promoting autonomy in State Universities and improving governance in institutions. GS c. Ensure reforms in the affiliation, academic and examination systems. d. Ensure adequate availability of quality faculty in all higher educational institutions and ensure capacity building at all levels of employment. e. Create an enabling atmosphere in the higher educational institutions to devote themselves to research and innovations. f. Expand the institutional base by creating additional capacity in existing institutions and establishing new institutions, in order to achieve enrolment targets. g. Correct regional imbalances in access to higher education by setting up institutions in un?served & underserved areas. h. Improve equity in higher education by providing adequate opportunities of higher education to SC/STs and socially and educationally backward classes; promote inclusion of women, minorities, and differently abled persons. 4. Components Notes a. RUSA would create new universities through upgradation of existing autonomous colleges and conversion of colleges in a cluster. It would create new model degree colleges, new professional colleges and 14 www.iasscore.in provide infrastructural support to universities and colleges Faculty recruitment support, faculty improvements programmes and leadership development of educational administrators are also an important part of the scheme. In order to enhance skill development the existing central scheme of Polytechnics has been subsumed within RUSA. A separate component to synergise vocational education with higher education has also been included in RUSA. Besides these, RUSA also supports reforming, restructuring and building capacity of institutions in participating state. 5. Institutional Hierarchy a. RUSA is implemented and monitored through an institutional structure comprising the National Mission Authority, Project Approval Board and the National Project Directorate at the centre and the State Higher Education Council and State Project Directorate at the state level. 5) Skill Development OR E Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 1. It was created in 2014 2. Agencies like NSDC and NSDA come under it 3. It will coordinate with other ministries who are handling skill schemes. 4. Will devise training curriculum in key sectors and will issue certificates to trained personnel. SC Skill India Mission A national multi-skill programme called Skill India is proposed to be launched. 2. It would skill the youth with an emphasis on employability and entrepreneur skills. 3. It will also provide training and support for traditional professions like welders, carpenters, cobblers, masons, blacksmiths, weavers etc. 4. Convergence of various schemes to attain this objective is also proposed. GS 1. NSDA - National Skill Development Agency 1. About it - a. It subsumes the Office of Adviser to the PM - National Council on Skill Development) b. NSDA is an autonomous body 2. Functions a. Take all possible steps to meet skilling targets as envisaged in the 12th Five Year Plan and beyond; b. Will coordinate the skill development efforts of the Government and the private sector to achieve the skilling targets; c. The NSDA will anchor and operationalize the National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF) to ensure that quality and standards meet sector specific requirements; d. and facilitate the setting up of professional certifying bodies in addition to the existing ones. Notes e. Be the nodal agency for State Skill Development Missions; 15 www.iasscore.in f. It will endeavor to bridge the social, regional, gender and economic divide i. by ensuring that the skilling needs of the disadvantaged and marginalized groups like SCs, STs, OBCs, minorities, women and differently-abled persons are taken care of through the various skill development programmes and ii. by taking affirmative actions as part of advocacy by the NSDA. g. Raise extra-budgetary resources for skill development from various sources such as international agencies, including multi-lateral agencies, and the private sector; h. Evaluate existing skill development schemes with a view to assessing their efficacy and suggest corrective action to make them more effective; Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana for Urban and Rural Poor 1. Introducation OR E a. Union Government on 25 September 2014 launched Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana for urban and rural poor. b. The Yojana aims at alleviating urban and rural poverty through enhancement of livelihood opportunities through skill development and other means. c. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana has two components SC i. Urban component - to be implemented by the Union Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation ii. Rural component (named as Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana) - to be implemented by the Union Ministry of Rural Development. 2. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana GS a. Aim i. To train 10 lakh (1 million) rural youths for jobs in three years, that is, by 2017. b. Features i. The minimum age for entry under the Yojana is 15 years ii. Skill development training centers to be launched iii. The skills imparted under the Yojana will now be benchmarked against international standards and will complement the Prime Minister's Make In India campaign. iv. Will also the address the need for imparting training to the differently-able persons and v. Will rope in private players including international players to impart the skills to the rural youths. c. Economic survey 2014-15 i. It is a placement-linked skill development scheme for poor rural youth. Notes ii. A total of 51,956 candidates have been skilled under the DDU-GKY, of which 28,995 have been placed till November during 2014-15. 16 www.iasscore.in 3. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana for urban areas a. Increased Coverage i. Currently, all the urban poverty alleviating programmes covered only 790 towns and cities. ii. Under the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana (DAY) for urban areas extends thecoverage to all the 4041 statutory cities and towns, there by covering almost the entire urban population. b. The scheme will focus on i. Imparting skills with an expenditure of 15000 rupees to 18000 rupees on each urban poor, ii. City Livelihood Centres will be setup to impart market-oriented skills, OR E iii. Promotion of self-employment through setting up individual micro-enterprises, iv. Enabling urban poor form Self-Help Groups, v. Construction of permanent shelters for urban homeless and provision of other essential services. Industrial Training Institution ITIs are key components of the vocational training system in the country. 2. These institutes are imparting training in 57 engineering and 50 non-engineering trades to those who have passed either 8th or 10th class examination 3. How many at present ' 5,000 + in 2008. SC 1. a. Of these, 1896 are State Government-run ITIs while 4. Role of center and state GS b. Remaining (3218 ITIs) are private. a. Center lays down standards and conducts trade testing & certification for both public and private ITIs. b. State Governments are responsible for managing the ITIs. Scheme of Support to NGOs for Adult Education and Skill Development 1. The Programme of Action (POA) to operationalize National Policy on Education, 1986, inter-alia, envisaged development of a genuine partnership between the Government and non- Government Organizations (NGOs) and stipulated that government would take positive steps to promote their wider involvement in eradication of illiteracy by providing due support to them. 2. To promote Adult Education, particularly in 15-35 age group, through voluntary sector, the Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, has been providing support to Voluntary Agencies (VA) through two separate schemes, namely a. Assistance to Voluntary Agencies in the field of Adult Education - Notes i. it is conceptualized as an overarching programme to encourage innovation and creativity in literacy and continuing education. It includes establishment of State Resource Centers for technical and academic support to adult education. 17 www.iasscore.in b. Jan Shikshan Sansthans i. They provide vocational education skill development training to those having no or rudimentary level of education. 3. The Government have now decided to merge both the schemes and rename the modified scheme as "Scheme of Support to Voluntary Agencies for Adult Education and Skill Development" and continue to support the Voluntary Agencies on project to project basis. Thus the new scheme subsumes the erstwhile NGO based schemes of the National Literacy Mission. 4. Scheme Objective - The main objective of the scheme is to secure extensive, as well as, intensive involvement of voluntary sector in the endeavours of the Government to promote functional literacy, skill development and continuing education, particularly in 15-35 age group, under the over all umbrella of National Literacy Mission (NLM). The Scheme will, thus, strive to achieve, through voluntary effort, the overall objectives of NLM, which include: a. Achieving self-reliance in literacy and numeracy OR E b. Becoming aware of the causes of their deprivation and moving towards amelioration of their condition through organization and participation in the process of development c. Acquiring skills to improve the economic status and general well being d. Imbibing the values of national integration, conservation of the environment women's equality, observance of small family norms, etc. Components Of This Scheme: a. State Resource Centers b. Jan Shikshan Sansthan SC 5. c. Assistance to Voluntary Agencies GS 6) Teachers Education Teacher Education Scheme Centrally sponsored scheme of teacher education was launched in 1987-88 with, inter - alia, the following component: Establishment of district institute of education & training (DIETs) by upgradation of existing Elementary Teacher Education Institutions (ETEIs) wherever possible, and Establishment of new DIET where necessary. The main objectives of the Teacher Education Scheme are as follows: Speedy completion of DIET/CTE/IASE/ SCERT projects sanctioned but not completed up to the 9th Plan period, optimally functional and operational. Sanction and implementation of fresh DIET/CTE/IASE/SCERT projects to the extent necessary. Notes Improvement in the quality of programmes to be undertaken by DIETs, etc. especially those of pre-service and in-service training, so as to enable them to effectively play their nodal role of improving quality of elementary and secondary education in their respective jurisdiction, as measured in terms of levels of learner achievements. 18 www.iasscore.in Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching 1. In December 2014, NDA government launched Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya National Mission on Teachers & Teaching with an outlay of Rs. 900 crores during XII Plan. 2. Background of launch - As teachers hold the key for success of educational development, thus attention has to be focused on the preparation of teachers and their working conditions in classrooms, schools and colleges, as also their continuous professional development, ensuring that best talent in the country are made available to shape the future generations. 3. Aim a. to ensure a coordinated approach so as to holistically address the various shortcomings relating to teachers and teaching across the educational spectrum ranging from school education to higher education including technical education; using the best international practices for excellenc; OR E b. empower teachers and faculty through training, re-training, refresher and orientation programmes in generic skills, pedagogic skills, discipline specific content upgradation, ICT and technology enabled training and other appropriate interventions. The Mission envisages to address comprehensively all issues related to teachers, teaching, teacher preparation, professional development, Curriculum Design, Designing and Developing Assessment & Evaluation methodology, Research in Pedagogy and developing effective Pedagogy. 5. The Mission will provide an integrated platform for building synergies among all the existing initiatives, providing oversight to the existing activities and also carry out new activities aimed at gap filling so that a comprehensive vehicle for Teacher/Faculty related programmes and schemes is created. SC 4. Adult Education and lateral Education GS National Population Education Project The National Population Education Project was launched in April 1980 with the overarching objective of institutionalizing population education in the school education and teacher education systems to contribute to the attainment of population education in the school education and teacher education systems to contribute to the attainment of population and development goals of the country. Up to 2002, this was implemented as externally aided project which was fully funded by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). It was being implemented in the university education and adult education sector as well. In view of the achievements and significance of the project, Government of India decided to continue it in the 10th Five Year Plan with a more focused objective of integrating the elements of reconceptualised framework of population education in school curriculum. UNFPA decided to support a concomitant project focused on adolescent reproductive and sexual health (ARSH) from 2004. During 2006-07, the NPEP was implemented as an integral part of Adolescence Education programme, launched by ministry of human resource development in 2005 in collaboration with National AIDS Control Organisation. Notes 19 www.iasscore.in Jan Shiksha Sansthans Jan Shiksha Sansthans (JSSs) are established to provide vocational training to non-literate, as well as school dropouts by identifying skills as would have a market in the region of their establishment. JSSs impart skill development training in nearly 394 vocational courses in Cutting and Tailoring, Beauty Culture and Health Care, Fashion Design, Electrical and Electronics, Automobile Repairs, Soft Toys making, Agriculture Allied Courses, Cottage Industry Courses, Handicrafts, Bakery and Confectionary, Textile Technology, Leather Technology and Building Technology. Open Schooling System It is necessary to design, create and establish alternative Educational provisions for some prospective learners who will not be able to take advantage of formal schooling during stipulated school hours. The Open Schooling Programmes up to predegree level are being offered by the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) and 10 State Open Schools (SOSS). The States that have set up SOSS are West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, and Jammu and Kashmir. The open schools network when fully developed should be able to cater to at least 15% students in secondary education. The open schooling network needs to be expanded to ensure that every state providesOpen Schooling Facility through its regional language. Notes GS SC OR E 20

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