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ICSE Class X Board Exam 2026 : Physics

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ICSE EXAMINATION PAPER - 2025 PHYSICS (SCIENCE PAPER 1) Class-10th (Solved) Maximum Marks: 80 Time Allotted: Two Hours Instructions to Candidates: 1. Answers to this Paper must be written on the paper provided separately. 2. You will not be allowed to write during the first 15 minutes. 3. This time is to be spent in reading the question paper. 4. The time given at the head of this Paper is the time allowed for writing the answers. 5. Section A is compulsory. Attempt any four questions from Section B 6. The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ]. SECTION A (40 Marks) (Attempt all questions from this Section.) Question 1 Choose the correct answers to the questions from the given options. (Do not copy the questions, write the correct answers only.) [15] (i) A body is acted upon by two equal and opposite forces, that are NOT along the same straight line. The body will: (a) remain stationary (b) have only rotational motion (c) have only rectilinear motion (d) have both rectilinear and rotational motion (ii) Which among the following is a vector quantity? (a) work (b) power (c) energy (d) moment of couple (iii) What is the correct energy transformation during burning of a candle? (a) heat kinetic + potential (b) heat chemical + light (c) chemical heat + light (d) mechanical chemical + heat (iv) When a ray of light passes from one optical medium to another, which of the following physical quantities does NOT change? (a) Amplitude of the wave (b) Frequency of the wave (c) Wavelength of the wave (d) Speed of the wave (v) Which one of the following combinations is the correct ascending order of electromagnetic waves in terms of wavelength? (a) Gamma-rays, visible light, microwaves (b) Microwaves, visible light, gamma-rays (c) Gamma-rays, microwaves, visible light (d) Microwaves, gamma-rays, visible light (vi) For a lever, a graph is plotted with load on Y-axis and effort on X-axis. Which of the following represents the slope of the graph? (a) Mechanical advantage (b) Velocity ratio (c) 1 Velocity ratio (d) 1 Mechanical advantage (vii) For a real image formed by a convex lens, the ratio of I : O = 2 : 5, then the object is: (I is the height of the image and O is the height of the object) (a) between O and F (b) beyond 2F (c) at F (d) between F and 2F (viii) A ray of light is incident normally on a face of an equilateral prism. The ray gets totally reflected at the second refracting surface. The total deviation produced in the path of the ray is: (a) 30 (b) 60 (c) 90 (d) 120 (ix) In a closed circuit containing a bulb and a cell, the electromotive force ( ) and the terminal voltage (V) is related as. 2 (x) Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-10 (Given I is current and r is internal resistance.) (a) V = + Ir (b) V = Ir (c) V = Ir (d) V = Ir A metal piece of mass 5 g has thermal capacity 2.5 JK 1. If the mass of the metal is tripled, then its specific heat capacity will be: (a) 7.5 JK 1 (b) 2.5 JK 1 (c) 1.5 Jg 1K 1 (d) 0.5 Jg 1K 1 (xi) Assertion (A): As the level of water in a tall measuring cylinder kept under running tap rises, the pitch of sound gradually increases. Reason (R): Frequency of sound is inversely proportional to the length of the water column. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is true but (R) is false. (d) (A) is false but (R) is true. (xii) In the given circuits Y and Z, the resistors, R1 and R2, are connected in: Y Z R1 R1 R2 R2 (a) series in both the circuits (b) parallel in both the circuits (c) parallel in Y and series in Z (d) series in Y and parallel in Z (xiii) A radioactive element P emits one a-particle and transforms to a new element Q. What will be the position of the element Q in the periodic table? (a) One group to the left of P (b) One group to the right of P (c) Two groups to the right of P (d) Two groups to the left of P (xiv) Each of the substances given below is supplied with same amount of heat. Which one will attain the highest temperature? Substance Lead Specific heat capacity (cal/g C) 0.031 (a) Aluminium (b) Copper Aluminium 0.21 Copper 0.095 (c) Iron Iron 0.115 (d) Lead (xv) The following figure shows a small bar magnet falling freely through a copper ring. For the observer at A, the direction of the induced current will be: S N A Copper ring S N (a) (b) (c) (d) clockwise when magnet is above and below the ring anticlockwise when magnet is above and below the ring anticlockwise when magnet is above the ring and clockwise when the magnet is below the ring clockwise when magnet is above the ring and anticlockwise when the magnet is below the ring SOLVED PAPER - 2025 Question 2 (i) Complete the following by choosing the correct answers from the bracket: (a) In uniform circular motion the centrifugal force acts __________ (towards the centre/away from the centre/along the tangential direction]. (b) Refractive index of a medium is independent of __________ [temperature/angle of incidence/wavelength of light). (c) Heat absorbed during change of phase depends on __________ [mass/change in temperature/specific heat capacity] of the substance. (d) Emf of a cell is __________ [greater than / less than / equal to] the terminal voltage when the cell is in open circuit. (e) In a step-up transformer the turns ratio is __________ [more than 1/ less than 1/ equal to 1]. (f) The nuclear radiation with lowest ionising power is __________ [ / / ]. (ii) A non-uniform kite is hanging freely from the branch of a tree as shown. Study the figure and answer the following: 3 [6] [2] Branch of a tree Kite P Q R S (a) Fill in the blank. __________ (P, Q, R or S) is the most probable position of its centre of gravity. (b) Support your answer to (a) with a reason. Displacement (iii) The displacement time graph of a sound wave produced by a vibrating wire is shown below. [2] Q P R Time S (a) How will you adjust the tension in the wire, to reduce the length of PR? (b) Which characteristic of sound is affected by the reduction in the length of PR? Question 3 (i) A ray of light enters a rectangular glass slab submerged in water at an angle of incidence 55 . Does this ray undergo total internal reflection when it moves from water to glass? Justify your answer. (The critical angle for glass water interface is 54 ) (ii) According to the NEW colour convention which colour of wire is connected to: (a) the metal body of the appliance (b) the switch of the appliance? [2] [2] (iii) (a) Which of the two, alternating current or direct current, produces a varying magnetic field when it flows through a conductor? (b) State the frequency of the alternating current supply in India. [2] (iv) Calcuate the amount of heat absorbed by 200 g of paraffin wax to melt completely at its melting point. [Specific latent heat of fusion of paraffin wax = 146 Jg 1] [2] (v) [2] Copper wire is wound around a steel bar FT. Current is allowed to pass through the coil for some time and then the bar is removed. (a) Draw only the magnetised bar FT and mark its poles. (b) Trace two magnetic lines of force around FT clearly indicating the direction. F T 4 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-10 (vi) A current flows through a metallic conductor for a long period of time. State the change you would expect in its: (a) Resistance (b) Resistivity 247 (vii) Curium is a radioactive element with the symbol 96 Cm named in honour of Madam Curie. The graph of number of protons vs number of neutrons for some elements are shown below: [2] [3] number of protons 98 96 94 92 R Q P S number of 146 148 150 152 154 neutrons (a) Which point on the graph indicates the element Cm? (b) Which point on the graph indicates daughter nucleus after Cm undergoes radioactive decay of 1 followed by 2 ? (c) State the mass number of the daughter nucleus. SECTION B (40 Marks) (Attempt any four questions from this Section.) Question 4 (i) [3] J 60 I H (a) Out of the three rays (I, J, H) shown in the diagram, which ray will suffer Total Internal Reflection while inside the prism? (Critical angle of the prism is 42 .) (b) Copy the diagram to complete the path of the ray which you have named in (a) till it comes out of the prism. (ii) A rectangular glass block of refractive index 1.5 has an air bubble trapped inside it as shown in the diagram. When seen from the surface AB, it appears to be 4 cm deep. A Glass block B air bubble D [3] 15 cm C (a) Calculate the actual depth of the air bubble from the surface AB. (b) For which colour of light, bluc or yellow, the apparent depth will be greater? (c) Turning the glass block upside down, DOES NOT change the apparent depth of the air bubble. State True or False. (iii) (a) An object is placed at 2F position of a convex lens. Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of the image. (b) How will the size of the image change if we, ONLY replace the lens in the above arrangement with another lens of a greater focal length? [4] Question 5 (i) An object is placed in front of a concave lens at a distance of 45 cm from it. If its image is formed at a distance of 30 cm from the lens, calculate the focal length of the lens. [3] (ii) SOLVED PAPER - 2025 Two rays PQ and RS are incident on a rectangular glass block as shown in the diagram. Observe the diagram and answer the questions that follow. R P 5 [3] 35 S 35 Q Glass block Which of these two rays will: (a) have greater lateral displacement on emerging out of the block? (b) travel with greater speed in the block? (c) scatter more in the atmosphere? (iii) (a) Name the radiations: 1. for which a quartz prism is used to study the spectrum. 2. which are used in remote sensing devices. 3. which are used in traffic signals in India. (b) Name one property common to all electromagnetic radiations. Question 6 (i) Akash takes a uniform metre scale and suspends a weight of 2 N at one end X , and a weight of 5 N on the other end Y . He then balances the ruler horizontally on a knife edge placed at 70 cm from X. Draw a diagram of the arrangement and calculate the weight of the ruler. (ii) Three levers X, Y, Z of equal lengths are shown in the diagram. X [4] [3] [3] Y Z (a) Which class of lever do these belong to? (b) Among these (X, Y or Z) which one will give the maximum mechanical advantage? Justify your answer. [4] (iii) Richa P R Ground Q 3m Richa weighing 40 kgf leaves point P on her skateboard and reaches point Q on the ground with velocity 10 ms 1. Calculate. (a) the kinetic energy of Richa at point Q (b) the vertical height of point P above the ground. (use g as 10 m/s2 and neglect friction) (c) the kinetic energy of Richa at point R. (While moving from Q to R, she loses 500 J of energy against friction.) Question 7 (i) Draw a block and tackle system of pulleys with velocity ratio equal to 3. [3] (ii) [3] A submarine in the sea, sends ultrasonic ping and a stopwatch is started. simultaneously. The stopwatch stops on receiving the reflected wave from an obstacle and reads 1 minute 40 seconds. Calculate the distance of the obstacle from the submarine (Speed of sound in water 1500 ms 1) 6 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-10 (iii) The diagrams given below show two sound boxes A and B with wires of same length (l) and tension (10 kgf) but different cross-sectional areas. Simultaneously, vibrating tuning forks of frequency 300 Hz are placed on the boxes A and B. The paper rider falls off in case of B but not in case of A. l l A B Paper rider Paper rider [4] 10 kgf 10 kgf (a) Name and explain the phenomenon responsible for the falling off of the paper rider in B. (b) The wire A resonates with a tuning fork of frequency f . Is f greater than, less than or equal to 300 Hz? Justify your answer. Question 8 (i) The diagram shows wiring in a meter room of a building. Y Z X 3528 [3] (a) What is the current rating of device X? (b) What is the difference between the switch Z shown in the diagram and the switches you use to operate different appliances at home? (c) What is the unit of the physical quantity displayed in Y? (ii) [3] Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follow 144 Ba 56 X U 92 + Neutron 3Y + Energy 235 U 92 89 Kr 36 (a) Name the process depicted in the diagram. (b) What is the value of X? (c) Identify Y, the missing product of the reaction. [4] (iii) B2 B1 B3 + 12 V Three identical bulbs B1, B2 and B3 each of power rating 18 W, 12 V are connected to a battery of 12 V. (a) Calculate: 1. the resistance of each bulb 2. the current drawn from the cell (b) If the bulb B3 is removed from the circuit, then will the brightness of the bulb B1 increase, decrease or remain the same? Question 9 (i) 30 g of ice at 0 C is used to bring down the temperature of a certain mass of water at 70 C to 20 C. Find the mass of water [Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 Jg 1 C 1 and specific latent heat of ice = 336 Jg 1.] [3] (ii) SOLVED PAPER - 2025 (a) A certain amount of heat will warm 1 g of material X by 10 C and 1 g of material Y by 40 C. Which material has higher specific heat capacity? (b) Which material, X or Y, would you select to make a calorimeter? (c) The specific heat capacity of a substance remains the same when it changes its state from solid to liquid. State True or False. (iii) A copper rod PQ carrying current is kept in a magnetic field as shown in the diagram. S N C Q A P S N (a) The copper rod PQ will move towards C. State True or False. (b) Name the law used to determine the direction of motion of PQ. (c) What will be the effect on the force experienced, if the rod PQ is replaced by another copper rod of same length but of greater cross-sectional area? (d) Justify your answer in (c). 7 [3] [4] 8 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-10 Answers Load Effort Slope of the graph = Load/effort = Mechanical advantage (vii) Option (b) is correct. Explanation: Real Image size < Object size. This happens when the object is placed beyond 2F. L A P B 2F1 O F1 F2 B 2F2 A 90 Q 30 R 60 IN C 30 D IDE 30 IRE NT CT IO T N 60 N 60 60 B S EMERGENT RAY C So, the forces will form a couple and the body will have rotational motion only. (ii) Option (d) is correct. Explanation: Vector quantity has magnitude and direction. The direction of a moment of couple is perpendicular to the plane containing the two forces forming the couple. The magnitude of moment of couple is the product of magnitude of one of the forces and the perpendicular distance between the lines of action of the two forces. Hence, it is a vector quantity. (iii) Option (c) is correct. Explanation: When a candle burns, chemical energy stored in the wax is transformed into heat and light energy through a combustion reaction. (iv) Option (b) is correct. Explanation: Frequency of wave depends on the source and not on the medium through which it propagates. (v) Option (a) is correct. Explanation: wavelength of gamma rays is less than 0.01 nm. Wavelength of visible light ranges from 400 to 700 nm. Wavelength of microwave ranges from 1 mm to 1 m. (vi) Option (a) is correct. Explanation: Load vs effort graph is a straight line. (viii) Option (b) is correct. Explanation: A p IN CI DE NT RA Y 60 Answer 1. (i) Option (b) is correct. Explanation: Forces are equal and opposite, but not along same straight line. F d A B O F The ray is normally incident on face AB. It passes undeviated. Angle of incidence on face AC is 60 . The reflected ray is incident normally on face BC and passes undeviated. NRS = 60 SRC = 30 ARQ = 30 CRT = 30 RT is the original path of the incident ray. So, total deviation = SRT = 30 + 30 = 60 (ix) Option (b) is correct. Explanation: The circuit is: When current flows, = V + Ir V = Ir (x) Option (d) is correct. Explanation: Specific heat capacity Thermal capacity 2.5 JK -1 = = = 0.5 JK -1g -1 mass 5g (xi) Option (c) is correct. Explanation: As the water column increases, air column decreases, frequency increases. Hence, the assertion is true. So, the frequency is proportional to the length of water column. Hence the reason is false. (xii) Option (b) is correct. Explanation: Circuit Y may be redrawn as: SOLVED PAPER - 2025 B A R1 R2 B A R2 R1 Both the resistors are connected across points A and B. Hence, those are connected in parallel. Circuit Z may be redrawn as: R2 A R2 A R1 R1 B B Both the resistors are connected across points A and B. Hence, those are connected in parallel. (xiii) Option (d) is correct. Explanation: The reaction is: A A-4 4 Z P Z - 2 Q + 2 He In periodic table elements are arranged in ascending order of atomic number. The atomic number of Q is 2 less than that of P. Hence, position of Q will 2 groups left of P. (xiv) Option (d) is correct. Explanation: The substance whose specific heat capacity is the lowest will attain the highest temperature. (xv) Option (c) is correct. Explanation: When the magnet is above the ring: The flux through the ring increases downward. To oppose this, the ring induces a north pole on its top face. Using the right-hand rule, this corresponds to an anticlockwise current as seen by the observer A. When the magnet passes below the ring: The flux through the ring decreases downward. To oppose this, the ring induces a south pole on its top face. Using the right-hand rule, this corresponds to a clockwise current as seen by the observer. Answer 2. (i) (a) away from the centre Explanation: Centripetal force Centrifugal force Direction of motion 9 (b) angle of incidence Explanation: Refractive index depends on temperature and nature of light but not on the angle of incidence. (c) mass Explanation: As mass increases, the amount of heat absorbed also increases since heat absorbed = mass latent heat capacity (d) equal to Explanation: For closed circuit: = V + ir But for open circuit: = V (e) more than 1 Explanation: The turns ratio of a transformer is defined as the number of turns on its secondary divided by the number of turns on its primary. For step up transformer, number of turns on its secondary is greater than the number of turns on its primary. (f) Explanation: It is composed of charged particle. Hence it has the lowest ionising power. (ii) (a) Q Explanation: Drawing the medians, it is found that Q is the most probable position of the centre of gravity. Kite P R Q S (b) Of a uniform triangular lamina, the meeting point of the all the medians is the centre of gravity. For a uniform pentagonal lamina such point is the most probable position of centre of gravity. (iii) (a) PR is the time period of the vibration. Reduction of time period means the increase of frequency. Frequency is proportional to square root of the tension. So, tension is to be increased to increase the frequency i.e., to reduce the time period. (b) Since, pitch depends on frequency, pitch will be affected by reduction of PR. Answer 3. (i) This ray will not undergo total internal reflection. For total internal reflection, the light ray should travel from denser to rarer medium. But in the given situation light ray travels from rarer to denser medium (refractive index of glass is more than that of water). So, there will be no total internal reflection. (ii) (a) Earth wire is connected to the metal body of electrical appliances. According to new convention the colour of earth wire is green or yellow. 10 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-10 (b) Live wire is connected to the switch of an appliance. According to new convention the colour of live wire is brown. (iii) (a) alternating current (b) 50 Hz (iv) Total amount of heat absorbed, Q = m L = 200 146 = 29200 J (v) (a) F T South Pole North Pole Point R represents 96 protons and 147 neutrons. Hence R point indicates the daughter nucleus. (c) Mass number of daughter nucleus = Mass number of Curium Mass number of = 247 4 = 243 Answer 4. (i) (a) Inside the prism, the angles of incidence of rays I, J and H are respectively 30 , 60 and 30 . Hence only the ray J will suffer total internal reflection. J 60 [Explanation: Since, looking from the F side current was flowing in anti-clockwise direction, north pole developed at that end and south pole at the T end.] (b) S N 90 60 90 30 30 30 H T F I 90 (b) J 90 90 90 60 60 (vi) (a) As current flows for a long period of time, heat is generated and temperature increases. So, the resistance of metallic wire increases. (b) As temperature increases, resistivity of metallic wire increases. (vii) (a) Curium has 96 protons and 247 96 = 151 neutrons. number of protons 98 R Q P 96 94 92 number of 146 148 150 152 154 neutrons Point P represents 96 protons and 151 neutrons. Hence P point indicates element Curium. (b) After the radioactive decay of 1 and 2 particles, the atomic number and mass number of daughter nucleus will be 243 and 96 respectively. So, it will have 243 96 = 141 neutrons. number of protons 98 R Q P 96 92 (ii) (a) Refractive index = S number of 146 148 150 152 154 neutrons 151 30 Real depth Apparent depth Real depth 4 Real depth = 6 cm Or, 1.5 = (b) Refractive index = Real depth Apparent depth Or, Apparent depth = S 147 94 60 30 30 90 Real depth Refractive index Apparent depth will increase, if refractive index decreases. As wavelength increases, refractive index decreases. Wavelength of yellow light is greater than wavelength of blue light. So, refractive index for yellow light is smaller than refractive index blue light. So, for yellow light apparent depth will be greater. (c) When the block is turned upside down, then the real depth of the bubble is 15 6 = 9 cm Real depth 9 Apparent depth = = = 6cm. Refractive index 1.5 So, the statement is false. A (iii) (a) B 2F1 O F1 F2 2F2 B A SOLVED PAPER - 2025 (b) Size of the image remains unchanged since, magnification is not related to the focal length of h v the lens. Magnification = i = . ho u Answer 5. (i) Object distance = u = 45 cm Image distance = v = 30 cm Applying lens formula, 1 1 1 - = v u f 1 1 1 Or, = -30 -45 f f = 90 cm (ii) (a) Angle of incidence for both the rays being same, the directions of both the rays remain same. As the refracted ray corresponding to RS bends towards the normal is more than that corresponding to ray PQ hence, the lateral displacement of the emergent ray corresponding to incident ray RS will also be more. R 35 S P 35 Q x1 Answer 6. (i) X Y 2N 5N 30 cm 70 cm 1 1 Or, = 90 f x2 Diagram shows, x1 and x2 are the lateral shifts of the emergent rays corresponding to incident rays PQ and RS. x2 > x1. (b) Since, the refracted ray corresponding to incident ray PQ bends less towards the normal, hence this travels with greater speed. (c) Speed corresponding to incident ray PQ is more than the speed corresponding to incident ray RS. So, wavelength corresponding to incident ray PQ is more than the wavelength corresponding to incident ray RS. So, RS will scatter more in atmosphere. (iii) (a) 1. Ultraviolet radiation since, ordinary glass absorbs UV radiation. 2. Infra red radiation. 3. Visible light radiation (Red, Yellow, Green) (b) All electromagnetic radiations travels with the same speed ie., 3 108 ms-1. 11 Let W = weight of the scale Clockwise moment (due to 5N) = 5 30 = 150 Nm Counter-clockwise moment (due to 2N) = 2 70 = 140 Nm Counter-clockwise moment (due to weight of the scale) = W 20 = 20W Nm For equilibrium, 150 = 140 + 20 W Solving, W = 0.5 N Weight of the scale = 0.5 N (ii) (a) All are class I levers since, the fulcrum is in between the load and effort. Effort arm (b) Mechanical advantage = Load arm For X, effort arm is greater than the load arm. Hence, it has the maximum mechanmical advantage. 1 1 (iii) (a) Kinetic energy at Q = mv2 = 40 102 2 2 = 2000 J (b) If the height of P is h, then 1 mgh = mv2 2 or, 40 10 h = 2000 h=5m (c) At R, Potential energy = mgh = 40 10 3 = 1200 J Energy loss due to friction = 500 J So, Kinetic enregy at R = 2000 1200 500 = 300 J Answer 7. (i) T E Load (L) 12 Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-10 (ii) Time taken = 1 minute 40 seconds = 100 s Speed of sound = 1500 ms-1 1 So, distance of the obstacle = (1500 100) 2 = 75000 m (iii) (a) Phenomenon responsible for falling off the paper rider is resonance. During resonance, the wire vibrates with a large amplitude and dislodge the rider. (b) Thicker wire will have a lower resonant frequency compared to a thinner wire provided length, tension and material remaining same. This is because a thicker wire has a higher mass per unit length, which affects the natural frequency of vibration. So, f will be less than 300 Hz. Answer 8. (i) (a) X is a company fuse or pole fuse. It does not have a fixed current rating. It depends on the load capacity of the connection. (b) Z can connect & disconnected live and neutral line simultaneously. But the switch which is used to opearte domestic appliances connect & disconnected live line only. (c) Unit is kWh. (ii) (a) Nuclear fission. (b) X = 236 (c) Neutrons (iii) (a) V2 1. P = R 12 2 Or, 18 = R 144 R= =8 18 2. B2 and B3 are in parallel. so, the combined 8 8 =4 8+8 This combination is in series with B1. Hence, equivalent resistance = 8 + 4 = 12 (b) When B3 is removed, the circuit becomes: B2 resistance = B1 + 12V Now, the equivalent resistance = 8 + 8 = 16 . Since, the resistance increases, current in the circuit decreases. Hence, brightness of B1 decreases. Answer 9. (i) Mass of ice at 0 C = m1 = 30 g Heat absorbed to be converted into water at 0 C Q = m1 L = 30 336 J Heat absorbed rise of temperature from 0 C to 20 C Q= m1 c t = 30 4.2 20 J Heat lost by water at 70 C to come down to 20 C Q = m2 c t = m2 4.2 50 J From the principle of calorimetry, Heat absorbed = Heat lost Or, 30 336 + 30 4.2 20 = m2 4.2 50 Or, 12600 = 210m2 m2 = 60 g Mass of water at 70 C = 60 g (ii) (a) Amount of heat = Q For X, Q = m cx t = 1 cx 10 = 10Cx For Y, Q = m cY t = 1 cY 40 = 40CY 10cx = 40cY cx = 4cY cx > cY (b) Material chosen for calorimeter should have low specific heat capacity. So, here Y material may be used to make a calorimeter. (c) The specific heat capacity of a substance does not remain the same when it changes state. The specific heat capacity is phase dependant. (iii) (a) The magnetic field is upward to downward direction. The direction of current is from left to right. So, the rod PQ will experience a force towards C. So, PQ will move towards C. The statement is true. (b) Fleming s left hand rule. (c) If the replaced copper rod has same length but greater cross-sectional area then the resistance of this rod will be lower than the previous rod. So, the current through the new rod will be more than the previous one. So, the force experienced will also be more. (d) Force experienced, F = BILsin As I increases, then F obviously increases.

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