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BEE Energy Sample / Model Paper 2026 : solid waste

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Govindu Srinivas
The Institution of Engineers (India) IEI, Kolkata

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EEZG621/SSTMZG526: Solid Waste Management Module 1 BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus Prof. Richa Singhal Chemical Engineering Department BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Module No Module Title Objectives This chapter gives an introduction to modern waste management, including issues as waste definition, problems associated with waste, waste management criteria and approaches to waste management. 1 Introduction 2 Waste Generation and This chapter describes common approaches and Composition methods in waste characterization including common terms, sampling, characterization methods and data evaluation. The focus is on the characterization of waste as it is generated or collected, while specific issues on characterization related to individual treatment processes and waste products are dealt with in the following chapters: Characteristic data on residential waste, commercial and institutional waste, industrial waste and construction and demolition waste. 2 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Module No Module Title Objectives 3 Collection and Transport This chapter describes the material, equipment and vehicles used in waste collection with primary focus on the collection of residential waste in industrialized countries, but also treats the collection of commercial and industrial waste as well as special aspects related to waste collection in developing countries. The chapter presents the basic principles and technology used in the collection of waste and recyclables 4 Recycling This chapter describes briefly how paper, cardboard, glass, plastic, metals, construction and demolition waste are produced and how they are recycled in the industry. Quality requirements and use of recycled products are discussed, as are the resource and environmental issues of recycling. 3 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Module No Module Title Objectives 5 Biological treatment This chapter presents the basic aspects of the composting process with a view to utilization in technologies for composting of solid organic waste. This chapter addresses microbial activities in aerobically degrading waste, the temperature profile of composting waste, the factors affecting composting rates and the fate of pathogens during composting. The various composting technologies available will be discussed and mass balances and compost quality will also be discussed 6 Incineration This chapter describes the basic issues of the incineration process and the technologies. It also deals with flue gas cleaning , mass balances, solid residues, utilization of residues, co-combustion of waste in industrial kilns and the use of refuse-derived fuel (RDF; Chapter 8.7). Thermal conversion of waste with a lack or deficit of air as is the case of pyrolysis and gasification 4 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Module No Module Title Objectives 7 Mechanical Biological Waste Treatment This chapter offers an introduction to the two technologies. As the name suggests the technology combines mechanical treatment technologies (screens, sieves, magnets, etc.) with biological technologies (composting, anaerobic digestion). Two main technologies are available: Mechanical biological pretreatment (MBP), which first removes an RDF fraction and then biologically treats the remaining waste before most of it is landfilled, and mechanical biological stabilization (MBS), which first composts the waste for drying prior to extraction of a large RDF fraction. 8 Landfilling This chapter describes the main conceptual aspects of landfilling. The historical development will be presented and key issues of time frames, mass balances and technical approaches will be discussed. 5 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Module No Module Title Objectives 9 Special and Hazardous Waste Healthcare risk waste is also known as clinical waste, infectious waste, medical waste or hospital waste. This waste must be handled with caution, as it can cause the spread of diseases and even deadly epidemics. Most countries define healthcare risk waste as a hazardous or special waste, that is to say a waste stream that is unsuited for treatment together with municipal solid waste. This chapter describes the healthcare risk waste and its handling and treatment. E-Waste, Other Special waste 10 Environmental Management Voluntary Approach & Tools for Environmental Management, Waste Minimisation, Environmental Impact Assessment, Life Cycle Assessment 6 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Solid waste disposal in Delhi Of the more than 14,000 tonnes per day (TPD) of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR), only 10,729 TPD is processed, leaving a little over 3,000 TPD waste untreated every day. This has resulted in the piling of legacy waste in the region, with more than 321 lakh metric ton (LMT) dumped at various landfill sites and only 150.12 LMT getting treated. On a perusal of the affidavit, the bench, also comprising Justice Ujjal Bhuyan, observed that non- treatment of such a huge amount of solid waste in Delhi is a violation of the fundamental right of citizens to live in a pollution-free environment. One of the suggestions mooted by the bench was to halt ongoing construction activity among the primary sources of waste production in the NCR. 7 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Contents Introduction to waste management Waste definition Problems associated with waste Waste management criteria Approaches to waste management Introduction to waste engineering 8 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Waste Waste is a left-over, a redundant product or material of no or marginal value for the owner and which the owner wants to discard. Becoming waste may depend on many factors, for example: Time Location State Income level Personal preferences 9 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Solid Waste a waste in a solid state Solid waste may be solid, or liquid as a sludge or as a free chemical phase. This originates from defining solid waste as waste that is not water (wastewater) or air borne (flue gasses). This also suggests that solid waste has no transporting media like water and air that must be cleaned. While obtaining clean water and clean air are the main purposes of treating wastewater and cleaning flue gasses, the purpose of waste management is not to clean the waste bins, but to handle the waste in the bins. 10 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus As per the Municipal solid waste (Management & Handling) Rule, 2000 garbage is defined as municipal solid waste which includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated biological wastes. 11 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Hazardous vs Non hazardous Waste Hazardous waste is more dangerous to the environment and to those handling the waste and must be technically managed with more strict controls than nonhazardous waste. The hazardousness of a waste is assessed according to criteria as (simplified after CEC, 2008): Explosive under the effect of flame, shock or friction. Oxidizing in contact with other materials resulting in highly exothermic reactions. Flammable in contact with air having flashpoint less than 55 C (highly flammable, with a flashpoint less than 21 C). Irritant: causing inflammation through contact with skin or mucous membrane. Harmful: causing limited health risks through inhalation, ingestion or 12 penetration of skin. BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Hazardous Waste (Contd.) Toxic: causing serious, acute or chronic health risks and even death through inhalation, ingestion or penetration of skin. Carcinogenic: inducing cancer or increasing cancer incidence through inhalation, ingestion or penetration of skin. Corrosive by destroying living tissue on contacts. Infectious due to viable microorganism or their toxins known or reliably believed to cause disease in man or other living organisms. Toxic for reproduction : substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce nonhereditary congenital malformations or increase their incidence. 13 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Hazardous Waste (Contd.) Mutagenic: inducing hereditary genetic defects or increasing their incidence through inhalation, ingestion or penetration of skin. Releasing toxic gases in contact with water, air or an acid. Sensitizing : substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or if they penetrate the skin, are capable of eliciting a reaction of hypersensitization such that on further exposure to the substance or preparation, characteristic adverse effects are produced. Ecotoxic: presenting any immediate or delayed risks for any sector of the environment. Substances capable by any means after disposal of yielding another substance which possesses any of the characteristics listed above. 14 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Material Flow and Waste Generation Schematic material flow in society showing extraction of resources, production, use, waste management and disposal into the environment 15 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Problems Associated with Solid Waste Contaminatio n of the environment Public health issues Volume/space Nuisances Economy 16 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Pathogenic risks associated with solid waste Uncontrolled dumping has been the cause of many problems in society over the centuries A good example is the bubonic plague: Zoonotic disease (passed from animal to human) caused by the bacterium Yersenia pestis. Transferred mainly between small rodents and their fleas, but can be transmitted to humans when they come in contact with the fleas. In the middle ages, there were uncontrolled piles of garbage in and around cities. This provided a great environment for rats and other disease carrying animals to prosper, providing ideal conditions for a variety of diseases to flourish. 17 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus What is Solid waste management? It is a comprehensive program involving waste prevention, recycling, composting and disposal. This includes management of : Waste generation Storage Collection Transportation Processing Disposal 18 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Waste Management Systems In-house waste handling Littering/unmanaged waste handling Return system Municipal waste management system Industrial waste management system Hazardous waste management system 19 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Waste Management Systems It is important to realize that several systems are dealing with waste or items that could become waste. Six different systems can be conveniently identified: Inhouse waste handling: Waste may be utilized on the premises or in an industrial symbiosis; the latter is when one industry directly uses waste from another industry as a resource in its production. For example low quality wood chips could be used for inhouse generation of power. In principle this is not a waste according to our definition, but inhouse waste handling could be an important initiative in promoting waste minimization or waste prevention. 20 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Waste Management Systems Littering/unmanaged waste handling: Common littering in terms of waste thrown away in the countryside, along transportation lines or in public areas is found everywhere, although on a variable scale. Littering and dumped waste may later demand public cleansing of the affected areas and thereby become a part of the public waste management system. Return system: Used products may be returned to the store where bought or to a similar store depending on business structure. Returnable beverage bottles and cans with a deposit are common. The recovery of the deposit is the economic incentive for the consumer to return the items. Such systems could for example involve batteries, medicine, car tires and electronic equipment. 21 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Waste Management Systems Municipal waste management system (public or private): Organized handling of municipal waste is usually a public issue. Municipal waste is the waste that is generated by citizens and civil work and similar waste from small businesses and industry. Industrial waste management system: The term industrial waste is used for waste of industrial origin that is found in large quantities of special composition or in smaller quantities but hazardous. The latter usually is handled in the hazardous waste management system. Industrial waste is often dealt with case-by-case because the large quantities and special features determine the ways of disposal. Systems for managing the waste at an industry may be an integrated part of the authorities environmental approval or licensing of the industry. 22 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Waste Management Systems Hazardous waste management system: The nature of the hazardous waste calls for special ways and rules of collecting, storing and transporting the waste. Also the treatment and disposal facilities have special features and regulations. 23 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Waste Management Criteria The following criteria should be considered in all waste management planning: Provide a customized and robust handling of all waste with a minimum of effort for the customer and the citizen. Ensure the lowest possible load on the environment in terms of noise and contamination of air, water and soil. Provide a maximum of resource recovery from the waste while minimizing use of resources in the waste handling. Be a safe and healthy occupation for the workers offering non monotonous work and achievable challenges. 24 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Waste Management Criteria (contd.) Provide only little impact on the city with respect to traffic, vehicle exhaust, noise, traffic accidents and spill of waste. Include aesthetic and architectural considerations in establishing waste collection and treatment facilities. Respect as a minimum current laws, regulations and code of practice. Be economically acceptable and fair. 25 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Waste Management Approaches Waste management decisions take place on many levels, but are characterized by a dominance of local decisions. Local conditions, criteria and preferences play an important role in defining the waste management system. 1. Common Sense Approach The common sense approach accepts that some of the mentioned criteria meet defined minimum standards. Often costs have been the main criteria and often environmental issues have been dealt with in an opinionated way rather than in scientific terms. 26 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus 2. Waste Hierarchy The Western world and parts of Asia have since the early 1980s used the waste hierarchy as the main approach to waste management. The priorities in the waste management should follow the order: 1. Waste prevention and cleaner technology (reduction) 2. Reuse 3. Recycling of materials 4. Recovery in terms of material utilization and energy recovery 5. Disposal including landfilling and mass burning without recovery. The approach is also called 3R, for reduce, reuse and recover. It has been updated to 4R, for reduction, reuse, recycling and recovery. 27 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus 28 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Reduction Waste reduction can be achieved in three basic ways: reducing the amount of material used per product without sacrificing the utility of that product increasing the lifetime of a product, and eliminating the need for the product. Reuse Reuse is an integral part of the society. A second means of reducing the waste is to reuse the products. Often, this is without much thought. These products simply have utility and value for more than one purpose. 29 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Recycling A third way of reducing the waste destined for disposal is to separate the materials that have economic value, collet these separately, and use them as a source of raw materials. This process is called recycling. Recovery Process the solid waste so as to recover useful material from the mixed waste. Recovery can also include the recovery of energy from the solid waste. For example, a waste-to-energy plant or a landfill gas recovery system is recovering the energy value of the solid waste through a transformation process. 30 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus 3. Sustainability The concept of sustainability was introduced by the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987. Definition: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It has an environmental as well as social and economic dimension. Suggests that long-term issues should receive more attention and local solutions must be sought. 31 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus Zero waste concept The zero waste concept includes the concept of producing less waste, known in the industrial sector as cleaner production. At the municipality level, the zero waste concept is a catchy message used to improve recycling, composting and other means to utilize waste at the expense of landfill and mass incineration. In practice, the zero waste goal is a goal of avoiding the landfilling of waste. Aims/ objectives: To see a reduction in the amount of waste send to landfill. Encourage people to avoid generating waste and to reuse and recycle more. 32 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus based on Zero Waste Alliance, 2001 The figure illustrates the ultimate goal of the zero waste concept: society s consumption and production of goods as a closed loop generates only 33 biodegradable waste. BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

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