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UK GCSE 2008 : Higher Tier, Chemistry Paper 2

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Centre Number 71 Candidate Number General Certificate of Secondary Education 2008 Paper 2 Higher Tier G1404 Science: Chemistry [G1404] WEDNESDAY 18 JUNE, AFTERNOON TIME 2 hours. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spaces provided at the top of this page. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. Answer all seven questions. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 160. Quality of written communication will be assessed in question 3(a)(i). Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question or part question. A Data Leaflet which includes a Periodic Table of the Elements is provided. For Examiner s use only Question Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total Marks G142H8 3347 Marks BLANK PAGE G142H8 3347 2 [Turn over 1 (a) In an experiment to investigate the rate of a reaction, a piece of magnesium ribbon was reacted with an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid at room temperature (20 C). The volume of gas produced during the reaction was measured at 20 second intervals. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) Name the gas produced in this reaction. ___________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction between magnesium ribbon and dilute hydrochloric acid. ___________________________________________________ [3] (iii) Draw a labelled diagram of the assembled apparatus you would use to carry out this experiment. [5] G142H8 3347 3 [Turn over (b) The results obtained were plotted on a graph which is shown below. 120 110 100 90 Volume of gas/cm3 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Time/s 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 Examiner Only (i) At what time did the reaction stop? Marks Remark ___________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Explain why the last part of the graph is horizontal. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] G142H8 3347 4 [Turn over (c) The experiment was repeated under identical conditions except that the temperature of the dilute hydrochloric acid was 50 C. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) Sketch a curve on the same grid showing how the volume of gas produced would change with time at this new temperature. Label this curve A. [2] (ii) Explain in terms of particles the shape of curve A. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [3] (iii) Apart from using a catalyst or altering the temperature, suggest two other ways of changing the rate of this reaction. 1. ____________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________ [2] G142H8 3347 5 [Turn over (d) Over 90% of industrial processes use catalysts. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) What is meant by the term catalyst? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [3] (ii) Complete the table below, stating the name of the catalyst used in each process. Industrial process Catalyst Haber process Oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen monoxide [2] G142H8 3347 6 [Turn over BLANK PAGE (Questions continue overleaf) G142H8 3347 7 [Turn over 2 (a) The oil tanker Erika sank off the French coast in 1999 causing one of Europe s worst environmental coastal disasters. An investigation found that one of the main causes of the disaster was that the ship s hull had rusted. Examiner Only Marks Remark Source: Marine national (i) State the chemical name for rust. ___________________________________________________ [2] (ii) What are the two conditions necessary for rusting to occur? 1. _____________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________ [2] (b) A method used to prevent the rusting of ships is to attach blocks of zinc metal to the hull. This method is known as sacrificial protection. (i) Explain what is meant by the term sacrificial protection. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (ii) Suggest another metal which could be attached to the hull of the ship in place of zinc. ___________________________________________________ [1] G142H8 3347 8 [Turn over (iii) What name is given to the process of coating iron objects with zinc in order to prevent rusting? Examiner Only Marks Remark ___________________________________________________ [1] (c) When an object rusts, an oxidation reaction occurs. What is meant by the term oxidation? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ [1] (d) Each of the following reactions can be classified as an oxidation or reduction reaction. Reaction 1 CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O Reaction 2 CuO + Mg Cu + MgO Reaction 3 N2 + 3H2 2NH3 (i) Write the formula of the substance being oxidised in reaction 1. ___________________________________________________ [1] (ii) In reaction 2, which substance is reduced? ___________________________________________________ [1] (iii) Explain why nitrogen is reduced in reaction 3. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (iv) Write a balanced ionic equation for reaction 2 above. ___________________________________________________ [2] G142H8 3347 9 [Turn over 3 (a) Potassium sulphate is a white crystalline solid used in the manufacture of glass and as a fertiliser. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) Describe in detail how you would prepare a pure, dry sample of potassium sulphate from potassium hydroxide and sulphuric acid solutions. Your answer should include the following: apparatus used suitable volumes of solutions indicator used and colour change observed method of drying the crystals ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [10] Quality of written communication G142H8 3347 [2] 10 [Turn over (ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction between potassium hydroxide and sulphuric acid. Examiner Only Marks Remark ___________________________________________________ [3] (iii) Name another compound that would react safely with sulphuric acid to produce potassium sulphate. ___________________________________________________ [1] (iv) Write a balanced ionic equation for a neutralisation reaction. Include state symbols. ___________________________________________________ [3] (b) Some chemicals, such as zinc hydroxide, are described as being amphoteric. (i) Explain the meaning of the term amphoteric. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction between zinc hydroxide and sulphuric acid. ___________________________________________________ [3] (iii) Name one other amphoteric compound. ___________________________________________________ [1] G142H8 3347 11 [Turn over 4 Salt (sodium chloride) is a very important raw material for the chemical industry. The main source of salt is rock salt which is found in large underground deposits in Cheshire, England. Examiner Only Marks Remark (a) One method of removing rock salt from underground is shown in the diagram below. Water is pumped down at 150 C and at very high pressure. The resulting salt solution is forced to the surface and is then evaporated to form solid sodium chloride. concentrated salt solution (brine) reaches the surface water pumped down layer of rock salt water dissolves rock salt brine (i) Name the method of salt extraction shown in the diagram. ___________________________________________________ [1] (ii) What is meant by the term evaporation? ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G142H8 3347 12 [Turn over (iii) Sodium chloride solution can be evaporated in the laboratory to form solid sodium chloride. Draw a labelled diagram of the assembled apparatus used to carry out this process. Examiner Only Marks Remark [3] (b) Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity; however, when it is molten it can be electrolysed. This electrolysis produces a metal and a gas. (i) What is meant by the term electrolysis? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (ii) Suggest the names of the products of the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (iii) Explain why solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G142H8 3347 13 [Turn over (c) A concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride can be electrolysed as shown in the diagram below. Gas A Examiner Only Marks Remark Gas B 5 5 10 10 concentrated sodium chloride solution + (i) What is an aqueous solution? ___________________________________________________ [1] (ii) From the diagram state the volume of gas collected at the positive and negative electrodes. Positive electrode _________________________________ cm3 [2] [2] Negative electrode _________________________________ cm3 [2] (iii) State the names given to the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Positive electrode ______________________________________ Negative electrode ___________________________________ [2] (iv) What could be added to the apparatus to show that the solution conducts electricity? __________________________________________________ [1] (v) A few drops of universal indicator were added to the sodium chloride solution before electrolysis and a green colour resulted. What does this tell you about the sodium chloride solution? __________________________________________________ [1] G142H8 3347 14 [Turn over (vi) During the electrolysis the colour of universal indicator changes to blue. Explain this colour change. Examiner Only Marks Remark _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ [2] (vii) In order to identify gas A and gas B a student carries out two tests, test 1 and test 2. Complete the table below. Test Colour of gas Result of test Name of gas Test 1 Damp litmus paper is held in gas A Test 2 A lighted splint is held at the mouth of a test tube of gas B the litmus paper is bleached colourless [4] (viii) Why is it important that large amounts of gas A do not escape into the atmosphere? __________________________________________________ [1] (ix) The industrial electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride is an expensive process. State two factors which contribute to the cost. 1. ___________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________ [2] G142H8 3347 15 [Turn over 5 (a) Carbon is a non-metallic element which exists as allotropes. Three allotropes of carbon are shown in the diagrams below. Examiner Only Marks Remark Z X Y Allotrope A Allotrope B Allotrope C (i) What is meant by the term allotrope? ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (ii) State the name of each allotrope. Allotrope A ____________________________________________ Allotrope B ____________________________________________ Allotrope C _________________________________________ [3] (iii) What is represented in the diagram of allotrope A by the black dot labelled X? ___________________________________________________ [1] (iv) What is represented in the diagram of allotrope B by the dashed line labelled Y? ___________________________________________________ [1] (v) What is represented in the diagram of allotrope C by the solid line labelled Z? ___________________________________________________ [1] G142H8 3347 16 [Turn over (b) Sulphur is another non-metallic element which exists as allotropes. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) State two physical properties of sulphur. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (ii) Name the three allotropes of sulphur. 1. ____________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________ [3] (c) Both sulphur and carbon burn in oxygen forming dioxides which dissolve in water forming acidic solutions. (i) Name one other element which forms a dioxide. ___________________________________________________ [1] (ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the combustion of sulphur in oxygen. ___________________________________________________ [2] (iii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction between sulphur dioxide and water. ___________________________________________________ [2] (iv) What environmental problem is caused by the presence of sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere? ___________________________________________________ [1] G142H8 3347 17 [Turn over (d) In the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid, sulphur dioxide is oxidised using a catalyst to produce sulphur trioxide. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) Write a balanced symbol equation for the oxidation of sulphur dioxide. ___________________________________________________ [3] (ii) Name the catalyst used in this process. ___________________________________________________ [1] (iii) State the temperature in C and pressure in atmospheres (atm) at which this industrial oxidation occurs. Temperature ____________________________________ C Pressure ______________________________________ atm G142H8 3347 18 [2] [Turn over BLANK PAGE (Questions continue overleaf) G142H8 3347 19 [Turn over 6 Aluminium is produced from bauxite. The complete process, from raw material to final product, is shown in the flow diagram below. Examiner Only Marks Remark BAUXITE crushed purified ALUMINIUM OXIDE electrolysis ALUMINIUM BLOCKS processing recycling ALUMINIUM PRODUCTS (a) Bauxite is an ore of aluminium which is composed of aluminium oxide and impurities such as iron(III) oxide, quartz and sodium oxide. It is mined in many countries including Australia and Jamaica. (i) State two environmental problems caused by bauxite mining. 1. ____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] G142H8 3347 20 [Turn over (ii) Complete the table by writing the formulae of the main impurities in bauxite. Compound Examiner Only Marks Remark Formula iron(III) oxide quartz sodium oxide [3] (iii) Bauxite is often red brown in colour. Which of the main impurities is responsible for this colour? ___________________________________________________ [1] (b) The bauxite is first purified in processing plants called refineries. Here bauxite from the mine is crushed, reacted with sodium hydroxide, filtered and dried to produce pure white aluminium oxide (alumina). In this process carbon dioxide gas is produced and emitted from the plant. (i) Suggest why the bauxite rock is crushed. ___________________________________________________ [1] (ii) What environmental problem does carbon dioxide gas cause? ___________________________________________________ [1] G142H8 3347 21 [Turn over (c) The pure aluminium oxide is then dissolved in molten cryolite and undergoes electrolysis. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) What material is used to make the electrodes in this electrolysis? ___________________________________________________ [1] (ii) State the product of this electrolysis at the anode and the cathode. Anode ________________________________________________ Cathode ____________________________________________ [2] (iii) Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction which occurs at the cathode. ___________________________________________________ [3] (iv) Explain why the reaction at the cathode is described as reduction. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [2] (v) At what temperature does this electrolysis occur? ________________________________________________ C [1] G142H8 3347 22 [Turn over (d) Anything made of aluminium can be recycled repeatedly. In countries which have dedicated aluminium can recycling schemes, used drinks cans are back on the shelves in 8 weeks. Examiner Only Marks Remark Source: http://www.world-aluminium.org/production/recycling/index.html State two advantages of using recycled aluminium. 1. ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ [2] G142H8 3347 23 [Turn over 7 Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only the elements carbon and hydrogen. Examiner Only Marks Remark (a) Analysis of a hydrocarbon showed that 1.44 g of carbon were combined with 0.36 g of hydrogen. (i) Calculate the number of moles of carbon atoms present in the hydrocarbon. [1] (ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen atoms present in the hydrocarbon. [1] (iii) Using your answers to parts (i) and (ii), work out the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon. [2] (iv) Given that the formula mass of the hydrocarbon is 30, work out the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon. [2] (v) Name the hydrocarbon. ___________________________________________________ [1] (vi) Name the homologous series to which the hydrocarbon belongs. ___________________________________________________ [1] G142H8 3347 24 [Turn over (b) In 1811 the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro proposed his gas law. Examiner Only Marks Remark (i) State Avogadro s law. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ [3] (ii) Butane is used as a fuel in camping stoves and gas barbecues. The equation for the complete combustion of butane is 2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O 50 cm3 of butane are burned in an excess of oxygen. Using Avogadro s law or otherwise, calculate the volume of oxygen needed for complete combustion of butane. [2] G142H8 3347 25 [Turn over (c) Cells in our bodies use the breakdown of glucose as a major source of energy. High energy drinks contain glucose to give an almost instant release of energy into the bloodstream. Glucose burns in an excess of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. Examiner Only Marks Remark C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Calculate the mass of glucose required to produce 1.08 kg of water. [6] G142H8 3347 26 [Turn over (d) The formula of hydrated aluminium nitrate may be written as Al(NO3)3.nH2O. It is used in antiperspirants and in tanning leather. An experiment was carried out to determine the value of n in the formula. A sample of the hydrated salt was placed in an evaporating basin and heated to constant mass in an oven. The following results were obtained: Mass of evaporating basin = 54.13 g Mass of evaporating basin and hydrated salt = 61.63 g Mass of evaporating basin and contents after heating to constant mass = 58.39 g Use the results above to calculate the value of n in the formula of Al(NO3)3.nH2O. Examiner Only Marks Remark [7] THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER G142H8 3347 27 [Turn over Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders may have been unsuccessful and CCEA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement in future if notified. S 2/07 531-002-1 [Turn over

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