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ICSE Class X Notes 2026 : Biology (Lokhandwala Foundation School (LFS), Kandivali East, Mumbai) : bio

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FALGUNI MISS BIOLOGY SUMMARY 04. TRANSPIRATION. 2022 23. Scope: o Concept of transpiration and its importance. o Experiments: Loss in weight of a potted plant or a leafy shoot in a test tube as a result of transpiration. Use of cobalt chloride paper to demonstrate unequal rate of transpiration in a dorsiventral leaf. o Mechanism of stomatal transpiration on the basis of K+ exchange theory. o Adaptations in plants to reduce transpiration. o A brief idea of guttation and bleeding. Transpiration: Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant. Parts of plant body that transpires: Leaf, stem and flowers. Kinds of transpiration: There are three types of transpiration that occurs in a plant body. o Cuticular transpiration o Lenticular transpiration o Stomatal transpiration o Mechanism of Stomatal transpiration: Absorbed water from the roots is transported by the xylem to the veins of the leaf called leaf xylem. In the palisade mesophyll of the leaves, water travels along the cell walls by imbibition and enters the cell by osmosis. The water along the cell wall moves at high pressure and comes out as a thin film. The water from the film evaporates and saturates the intercellular spaces. The water vapour then reaches sub stomatal spaces and gets saturated. Under favourable conditions water vapour diffuses out of the stomata. The molecules of water vapour, like those of any gas, diffuses from the region of their higher concentration to the region of their lower concentration, through the stomatal opening. Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493 Page 1 FALGUNI MISS o Path of stomatal transpiration: Xylem Palisade / spongy mesophyll tissue Intercellular space Sub stomatal space out of the stomata. o Transpirational pull created on the plant body: Thousands of leaf cells transpire daily. The water lost by transpiration is replaced by drawing more water from nearest vein. This creates a pull and more water is pulled from roots through the xylem vessels. The transpiration pull can draw water up to about 50 meters or more in the tall trees. o Stomatal regulation of transpiration: K+ theory given in chapter Photosynthesis. Transpiration occurs only when stoma is open. The opening and closing mechanism of stomata is regulated by the amount of water & solutes present in the guard cells. As the stomata opens during the day time, the diffusion of gases in and out of the cell, starts fulfilling the need for photosynthesis as well as allowing transpiration. o Leaves of some plants wilt during midday and recover in the evening: The rate of transpiration during midday exceeds the rate of absorption of water by the roots. The cells therefore lose turgidity and wilts. Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493 Page 2 FALGUNI MISS Factors which affect transpiration OR conditions necessary for transpiration: o External factors: Intensity of sunlight: Directly proportional. Temperature: Directly proportional. Velocity of wind: Directly proportional. Humidity: Inversely proportional. Atmospheric pressure: Inversely proportional. Carbon dioxide: Directly till 0.02%and inversely proportional after levels increase above 0.05%. o Internal factor: Water content of the leaves: Directly proportional Adaptations in plants to reduce excessive transpiration: o Anatomical: Internal changes: Sunken stomata. Ex: Nerium and Oleander. Fewer stomata. Thick cuticle. Ex: Banyan Tree. o Morphological: External visible changes: Narrow leaves Reduced exposed surfaces Loss of leaves Advantages of transpiration: o Cooling effect on the plant body. o Creates a suction force for the ascent of sap. o Distribution of water and minerals to different parts of the plant body. o Eliminates excess water from plants. Note: o Transpiration is not an excretory process o Transpiration is the price paid for or incidental to photosynthesis Transpiration and climate: o Forests more trees more transpiration more water vapour more cloud formation more rain. Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493 Page 3 FALGUNI MISS Guttation/exudation: Loss of water due to root pressure, in the form of water droplets through specialized pores called hydathodes located on the margin of the leaves is termed as guttation. Bleeding in plants: Loss of water through cut part of the stem is called bleeding. Anti Transpirants: Physical or chemical substances used to reduce the rate of transpiration by partially closing the stoma are called anti transpirants. Difference between: o Stomata and lenticel: Stomata Lenticel Lenticels are special pores that Stomata are tiny pores located in develop on the old and woody stem plants, on the epidermis of the for exchange of gases. leaves for exchange of gases. Opens and closes with the help of Never closes, always remains open. the guard cells. o Guttation and bleeding in plants: Guttation Bleeding Loss of water through cut part of the Loss of water due to root pressure, stem is called bleeding. in the form of water droplets through specialized pores called hydathodes located on the margin of the leaves is termed as guttation. o Difference between Dorsiventral leaf and isobilateral leaf: Dorsiventral leaf (dicot leaf) Isobilateral leaf (monocot leaf) Definition: A Dorsiventral leaf has two surfaces differing from each other in appearance and structure. A leaf of a dicot plant. Reticulate venation. More stomata are located on the lower epidermis. There is a distinction between the palisade and spongy mesophyll tissue. o Evaporation and Transpiration: Evaporation Definition: An isobilateral leaf has both right and left of dorsal and ventral side perfectly similar. A leaf of a monocot plant. Parallel venation. Stomata are equally distributed on upper and lower epidermis. There is no distinction between palisade and spongy mesophyll tissue. Transpiration Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493 Page 4 FALGUNI MISS Evaporation is loss of water from any surface in the form of vapour, at room temperature. It is a physical change controlled by the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere. It is a fast process. Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant. It is a vital and partly, a physical process controlled by both internal and external factors. It is a very slow process. o Transpiration and Guttation/Exudation: Transpiration Guttation/Exudation Loss of water due to root pressure, in the Transpiration is the loss of water in form of water droplets through specialized the form of water vapour from the pores called hydathodes located on the aerial parts of the plant. margin of the leaves is termed as guttation. Water is lost in the form of vapour. Water is lost in the form of water droplets. Water vapour is lost through Water is lost through hydathodes. stomata, lenticels cuticle. Takes place throughout the day. Takes place early morning and late night. May lead to loss of turgidity in leaf No effect to turgidity of the leaf. cells to cause wilting. Stomatal transpiration is regulated by Opening of Hydathodes cannot be regulated guard cells. o Perspiration and Transpiration: Perspiration Transpiration Perspiration is the loss of water along with nitrogenous waste matter in the form of droplets from the skin surface. It is a loss in the form of water droplets. Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant. It is loss of water in the form of water vapour. Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493 Page 5 FALGUNI MISS ONLINE YEAR LONG ICSE Std IX & X GLOBAL STUDY PROGRAM FOR THE YEAR 2022 23 2023 - 24 PRIORITY BATCH REGISTRATION IN PROGRESS ONLINE PROGRAMS AVAILABLE FOR STD IX AND X: Regular, Live Test Series, GC Test Series and Prelim paper discussion sessions. YOU CAN BE IN ANY ICSE SCHOOL IN INDIA AND ABROAD. Conducted by: Ms. Falguni Thakker B.Ed., Food Technologist. Introduction: Teaching MATHS and SCIENCE since 1990. Ex. Junior Scientist. Trainer of ICSE school teachers. Author of Key Point, Check Point and Final Revision Papers for Math Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Creating Thinkers, Analyzers and All India Rankers year after year. Address: 03, Raj Sapna, S.V.Road, Vile Parle west, Mumbai 400 056. Location: https://g.co/kgs/ozkS7R Contact: 98204 28493, 90046 28493, https://wa.me/c/919004628493 Visit and like our FB page for educational and conceptual video links for math physics chemistry n biology: https://www.facebook.com/falgunimiss/ FALGUNI MISS CLASSES ACADEMIC RESULTS 2021 2022 8 ALL INDIA RANKERS Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493 Page 6 FALGUNI MISS ACADEMIC RESULTS 2021 2022 FIRST TERM MARKS (OUT OF 40) FALGUNI MISS CLASSES PTS FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021 22 RESULTS CHEMISTRY FALGUNI MISS CLASSES - PTS FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021 22 RESULTS BIOLOGY 81% students above 35/40 78% students above 35/40 40 Aarush Gupta (CNMS) 40 Omkar Vanjani (Podar) 40 Shaina Pradhan (JNS) 40 Soniya Deshpande (JNS) 40 Atharva Deo (Thakur Int.) 40 Amogh (Sishya Chennai) 40 Ahem Shaikh (Podar) 40 Ankit Basu (Cambridge School) 40 Tarush Dhamne (Podar) 40 Parth Desai (CNMS) 40 Durva Bhatt (P.G. Garodia) 40 Nidhi Pusalkar (Prime Academy) 40 Yashica Kapahi (Vissanji Academy) 40 Akshata Kalyanikar (Thakur Int.) 40 Archit Desai (P.G. Garodia) 40 Aarush Gupta (CNMS) 40 Eshan Petkar (Podar) 40 Ojayit Telang (Podar) 40 Shaina Pradhan (JNS) 40 Soniya Deshpande (JNS) 40 Naman Jalan (Sanskriti, Gauhati) 40 R Janavi (Gokuldham) 40 Durva Bhatt (P.G. Garodia) 40 Kannika Shetty (A.V.M) 40 Tarush Dhamne (Podar) 40 Twisha Furia (St.Gregorios) 40 Akshata Kalyanikar (Thakur Int.) 40 Eshna Sobti (Universal Dahisar) 40 Iqra Kazi (Podar) 40 Nidhi Pusalkar (Prime Academy) 40 Yashica Kapahi (Visanji Academy) And a long list from 39 to 30 .... And a long list of 39 to 30.... FALGUNI THAKKER MISS FALGUNI MISS CLASSES - PTS FALGUNI MISS CLASSES - PTS FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021 22 RESULTS FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021 22 RESULTS MATHEMATICS 81% students above 35/40 75% students above 30/40 40 Omkar Vanjani (Podar) 40 Ojayit Telang (Podar) 40 Saakshi Bakliwal(Podar) 40 Shaina Pradhan (JNS) 40 Akshaya Parbhakar (Podar) 40 Naman Jalan (Sanskriti, Gauhati) 40 Siddhi Iyer (Ambassador, Dubai) 40 Tarush Dhamne (Podar) 40 Dia Jaiswal (AVM) 40 Parth Desai (CNMS) 39 Akshata Kalyanikar (Thakur Int.) 39 Twisha Furiya (St. Gregorios) 39 Soniya (JNS) 39 Amogh (Sishya Chennai) 39 Bhuvana Santosh (Vapii Public school) 39 Harshvardhan Agarwal (Gokuldham) 39 Keshav Agarwalla (Sanskriti Gauhati) 39 Ahem Shaikh (Podar) 39 Aarush Gupta (CNMS) 39 Aaryan Vaidya (Lakshdham) 39 Parth Desai (CNMS) 38 Ojayit Telang (Podar) 38 Omkar Vanjani (Podar) 38 Atharva Deo (Thakur Int.) 38 Tarush Dhamne (Podar) 38 Atharva Surve (Ryan Int) 38 Nidhi Pusalkar (Prime Academy) 37 Yashica (Visanji Academy) 37 Naman Jalan (Sanskriti Gauhati) 36 Siddhi Iyer (Ambassador Dubai) 36 Aaryan Mehta (CNMS) 35 Sehej Khanna (JNS) 35 Durva Bhatt (P.G.garodia) 35 R Janavi (Gokuldham) 35 Amogh (Sishya Chennai) And a long list from 38 to 30...... And a long list of 34 to 30..... FALGUNI THAKKER MISS FALGUNI THAKKER MISS PHYSICS FALGUNI THAKKER MISS Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493 Page 7 FALGUNI MISS ACADEMIC RESULTS 2020 2021 ACADEMIC RESULTS 2019 2020 ACADEMIC RESULTS 2003 2019 Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493 Page 8 FALGUNI MISS Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493 Page 9

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