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ICSE Notes 2017 : History and Civics

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Arun Kumar
Isha Home School (IHS), Coimbatore

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18. Rise of Dictatorships Rise of Fascism in Italy Benito Mussolini - armed gang (Black shirts) called the Fasciti (against communist and socialist) Fascism - Latin word - fasces - a bundle of sticks - symbolized authority of dictatorship Principles of Fascism Main Principle - "Everything is the state, nothing outside the state and nothing against the state' Authority of the state or the person who holds it can t be challenged. The interests of individual are less important than the interests of the state. It opposed freedom of individuals. Denied freedom of speech and expression Opposed to socialism, communism, democracy and internationalism. Believed in extreme nationalism and imperialism. Believed in war, aggression and expansion of the empire. Factors responsible for the growth of Fascism in Italy 1. Post War Difficulties: Entered WWI on the side of allied powers. It received nothing. Italy lost 700,000 soldiers in war. Wanted a strong government which could bring back some of Italy s last glory. 2. Economic Crises: Scarcity, poverty and unemployment. Chaos and disorder. Strikes, food riots among the poor. 3. Failure of the Democratic government to cope with the situation: Italy unified only in 1860. Democracy has not yet taken strong roots in the country. 4. Resistance movement: revolutions led to unrest in country. On the verge of anarchy. Strikes and demonstrations. 5. Support given by Landlords, industrialists and Army personnel to fascism: The ruling classes supported because they feared communism. Emergence of Mussolini National Fascist Party formed by Mussolini in Nov 1921. He used his armed gang to crush strikes and demonstrations. With only 35 seats out of 138 seats, with no clear majority for any party, Mussolini wanted to seize power. Marched upon Rome on 24 Oct 1922. Instead of resisting, Italian ruler Victor Emmanuel II invited Mussolini to form government on 29 Oct 1922. He became Il Duce or the leader of country by 1924. Italy under Mussolini Domestic Policy Unleashed a reign of terror Organised murders of socialists, communists and other opponents. 1926 banned all other political parties. Ruled for 21 years.

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