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ICSE Notes 2017 : History and Civics

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Arun Kumar
Isha Home School (IHS), Coimbatore

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18. Rise of Dictatorships Rise of Fascism in Italy Benito Mussolini - armed gang (Black shirts) called the Fasciti (against communist and socialist) Fascism - Latin word - fasces - a bundle of sticks - symbolized authority of dictatorship Principles of Fascism Main Principle - "Everything is the state, nothing outside the state and nothing against the state' Authority of the state or the person who holds it can t be challenged. The interests of individual are less important than the interests of the state. It opposed freedom of individuals. Denied freedom of speech and expression Opposed to socialism, communism, democracy and internationalism. Believed in extreme nationalism and imperialism. Believed in war, aggression and expansion of the empire. Factors responsible for the growth of Fascism in Italy 1. Post War Difficulties: Entered WWI on the side of allied powers. It received nothing. Italy lost 700,000 soldiers in war. Wanted a strong government which could bring back some of Italy s last glory. 2. Economic Crises: Scarcity, poverty and unemployment. Chaos and disorder. Strikes, food riots among the poor. 3. Failure of the Democratic government to cope with the situation: Italy unified only in 1860. Democracy has not yet taken strong roots in the country. 4. Resistance movement: revolutions led to unrest in country. On the verge of anarchy. Strikes and demonstrations. 5. Support given by Landlords, industrialists and Army personnel to fascism: The ruling classes supported because they feared communism. Emergence of Mussolini National Fascist Party formed by Mussolini in Nov 1921. He used his armed gang to crush strikes and demonstrations. With only 35 seats out of 138 seats, with no clear majority for any party, Mussolini wanted to seize power. Marched upon Rome on 24 Oct 1922. Instead of resisting, Italian ruler Victor Emmanuel II invited Mussolini to form government on 29 Oct 1922. He became Il Duce or the leader of country by 1924. Italy under Mussolini Domestic Policy Unleashed a reign of terror Organised murders of socialists, communists and other opponents. 1926 banned all other political parties. Ruled for 21 years. Constructed fine roads and buildings, improved railways and education, and provided employment for many, but at the cost of their freedom. Took steps to improve agriculture and reduce government expenditure. He believed in concept of corporate state. He was the head of the Ministry of Corporations. They made rules and regulations regarding wages, working hours and conditions of work. Foreign Policy - Glorified war and pledged to bring back the glory of ancient Rome. 1935-36 Italy conquered Abyssinia, in defiance of the League of Nations. Aimed to control Mediterranean Sea, thereby having a conflict with Britain. Signed an alliance with Germany and Japan, called the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. 1939 Mussolini conquered Albania and brought Europe to the verge of the Second world war against Britain and France. It was defeated in 1943. Methods adopted by the Fascists were imitated by Germany where it became very successful. Mussolini was executed by Italian communists near Lake Como Rise of Nazism in Germany The term Nazism is derived from the name National Socialist German Worker s Party Founded by Adolf Hitler in 1921. His gang of Volunteers were called Sturmabteilung or SA (Brown Shirts). Went against the socialists. Hitler was arrested and jailed. He wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) in prison. It contained the aims, principles, plans and programmes of the Nazis. Principles of Nazism Germans were Superior, the Chosen Race descended from the Aryans. To preserve the purity of Nordic Aryan race and to make them the rulers of the world. Blamed Jews for the defeat of Germany in First World War and for unemployment and the economic crisis after the war. Glorified violence and extreme nationalism. Opposed individual rights and socialism. Factors responsible for the growth of Nazism 1. Humiliation caused by the Treaty of Versailles The treaty shattered Germany politically and economically and the Nazis promised to avenge this humiliation. People voted for Nazis as they promised them work. 2. Failure of the Weimar Republic to solve Post-War problems - Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to Holland. Weimar republic was set up in Germany. (The Weimar Republic is the name used for the republic that governed Germany from 1919 to 1933). People blamed the Weimar Republic for chaos and disorder in the country and found their savior in Hitler. 3. Hitler s personality Dynamic leader, extraordinary orator. People cheered and wept and were determined to do what Hitler wanted them to do. 4. Economic Crisis: Money lost its value. Inflation, poverty, scarcity and unemployment. US helped to recover slowly. That was until Great Depression in the US. The US had to withdraw the money it had loaned to Germany. Nazis promised employment. 5. Failure of the Opposition parties to Unite: 1932 Election of Reichstag (German Parliament), Nazi party emerged as single largest party. In the subsequent election, Hitler came to power through political conspiracy (fire in the building that was blamed to be done by the Communists. They were suppressed ruthlessly) in 1933. President Hindenburg changed three chancellors in one year due to instability in the country. 6. Support given by the Existing Government: 30 Jan 1933 Hindenburg appointed Hitler as the Chancellor of Germany. He persuaded Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag and called for another election in 1933. Hitler assumed the title of Fuhrer, the leader of Germany. Germany under Nazi rule Domestic Policy o o o o o o o 1934 Hitler established his dictatorial rule. Captured all powers and set up a strong central government. One party, one leader and strict discipline. The Gestapo (Secret Police) and a network of spies helped Hitler to eliminate all communist and Socialist leaders. Radio, newspapers, the press, magazines, books and theatre were controlled and supervised by government agencies. Followed the policy of anti-Semitism or hatred towards the Jews. 1935 Jews were deprived of their citizenship. Ghetto Laws of 1937 Jews can t marry Germans. 1942 Mass extermination of Jews Concentration camps and Gas chambers. Economic Policy - Removal of unemployment and achieving self-sufficiency. Factories were set up to give work to the labourers. Hitler encouraged industrial and agricultural production and trade. Industrial activities were strictly controlled by the state. Foreign Policy Followed a policy of expansion to obtain more living space for the German population. Nordic German to be geographically united in one state. So Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria and other territories having a German population to be consolidated into one country. Nordic German Aryans were pure and higher in racial hierarchy. After conquest of Poland nearly 500,000 Jews were confined and most killed in Warsaw. Hitler rejected the terms and conditions of the treaty of Versailles. Stopped paying war indemnity and took back the Saar Valley from France. In Oct 1933, he began building air force. Similarities between the Fascists and the Nazis 1. Peace treaties signed after first world war were harsh on Italy and Germany. Discontent over terms of the treaty. 2. Political and economic instability after the war, resulting in unemployment and industrial collapse. 3. Belief in dictatorship and totalitarian rule. Theory of one party one leader. 4. Anti-democratic. Their aim was to crush communism and liberalism. 5. In terms of foreign policy, believed in expansion. 6. Engendered extreme nationalism and militarism.

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