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ICSE Class X Board Exam 2026 : Biology

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Bombay Scottish School, Mahim Grade : 10 Date : 31.08.2026 Duration: 2 hours ASSESSMENT 2 PHYSICS Max. Marks : 80 No. of questions : 09 No of printed sides : 12 _____________________________________________________________________ You will not be allowed to write during the first 15 minutes. This time is to be spent in reading the question paper. The time given at the head of this Paper is the time allowed for writing the answers. ______________________________________________________________________ SECTION A (Attempt all questions from this section.) Question 1 Choose the correct answers to the questions from the given options: [15] (i) A mechanic tries to loosen a jammed nut on an automobile wheel. He notices that using a longer spanner makes his task significantly easier. This application primarily works because: (a) The longer spanner increases the applied linear force. (b) The longer spanner shifts the position of the centre of gravity of the nut. (c) The perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation increases, maximizing the moment. (d) The spanner acts as a couple to produce a clockwise turning effect (ii) A heavy stone tied to a string is whirled in a horizontal circle at a constant speed. If the string suddenly snaps, the stone flies off tangentially. The force that was keeping it in the circular path before snapping was: (a) Centrifugal force acting outwards from the center. (b) Centripetal force provided by the tension in the string. (c) Gravitational force acting downwards. (d) Reaction force of the air resistance. 1 (iii) Assertion (A): If the amplitude of a sound wave produced by a tuning fork is reduced from 2 mm to 1 mm, its loudness decreases significantly to one-fourth of its original value. Reason (R): The loudness or intensity of a sound wave is directly proportional to the square of its amplitude. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A). (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A). (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. (iv) A carpenter changes the shape of a wooden block from a solid cylinder to a cone of the same mass and base radius. What happens to the position of its centre of gravity? (a) It shifts higher up along the central axis. (b) It shifts lower down toward the base along the central axis. (c) It remains exactly at the same geometric point. (d) It moves completely outside the body of the cone. (v) A beam of white light is passed through an equilateral triangular glass prism. Which of the following statements correctly describes the behavior of the constituent colors? (a) Red light deviates the most because it travels fastest in glass. (b) Violet light deviates the most because its speed decreases the most in glass. (c) All colors travel with the same speed in glass but deviate differently due to their wavelengths. (d) Violet light deviates the least because its refractive index for glass is minimum. (vi) During a severe winter morning, a pilot finds it difficult to see the runway due to dense fog. Which region of the electromagnetic spectrum is utilized in special cameras to take clear photographs in these conditions? (a) Ultraviolet radiations (b) Infrared radiations (c) X-rays (d) Visible light 2 (vii) If the speed of a moving car is doubled, its kinetic energy becomes: (a) 2 times (b) 4 times (c) 12 times (d) 8 times (viii) A stage crew needs to lift a heavy speaker using a pulley system. They require a system where the direction of the effort is downward, and the mechanical advantage is exactly 1. Which setup should they use? (a) A single movable pulley (b) A single fixed pulley (c) A block and tackle with 2 pulleys (d) A block and tackle with 3 pulleys (ix) A pair of fire tongs is used to pick up a hot piece of coal. During this operation, the effort applied is: (a) Less than the load, and moves a greater distance (b) Greater than the load, and moves a smaller distance (c) Equal to the load, and moves an equal distance (d) Greater than the load, and moves a greater distance (x) Assertion (A): When light travels from air to water, its frequency changes. Reason (R): The speed and wavelength of light change when it travels from one medium to another. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A). (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A). (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. (xi) A camera lens is used to capture a sharp photograph of a distant object. The image formed by this camera lens will always be ________. (a) virtual and erect (b) real and inverted (c) virtual and inverted (d) real and erect 3 (xii) A stunt cyclist rides inside a circular track at a constant speed. While moving along the circular path, the force exerted by the track on the cyclist continuously changes its direction. Which statement correctly explains why the cyclist does not move in a straight line? (a) The force always acts tangentially to increase the speed of the cyclist. (b) The force acts towards the centre of the circular path, continuously changing the direction of motion. (c) The gravitational force alone keeps the cyclist moving in the circular path. (d) The cyclist's inertia continuously pulls him towards the centre.h (xiii) A student uses a convex lens of focal length f to form a sharp image of a bright candle flame on a screen. If the lower half of the lens is completely painted black with opaque paint to block light transmission, how will it affect the final image on the screen? (a) The lower half of the image disappears. (b) The upper half of the image disappears. (c) A complete image is formed, but its brightness is reduced. (d) The image shifts upwards by a distance equal to f/2. (xiv) An industrial furnace produces a region of very hot air surrounded by cooler air. A laser beam is directed from the cool air towards the hot air across a sharp boundary. Compared with the boundary before heating, which statement is correct? (a) The refractive index of the hot air decreases, the critical angle decreases slightly, and the minimum angle of incidence required for TIR also decreases slightly. (b) The refractive index of the hot air increases, increasing the critical angle and making TIR easier. (c) The refractive index of the hot air decreases, increasing the critical angle and requiring a larger minimum angle of incidence for TIR. (d) Heating has no effect on the critical angle because the refractive index of air is independent of temperature. 4 (xv) A toy cart is pulled across a smooth horizontal floor by a string. The child pulls with a constant force, but as the child moves farther away, the string gradually makes a larger angle with the floor. The cart continues to move horizontally. Which statement best explains how the work done by the child for every metre travelled by the cart changes? (a) It increases because the direction of the force becomes steeper. (b) It decreases because a smaller fraction of the force acts along the cart's motion. (c) It remains unchanged because the magnitude of the pulling force is constant. (d) It becomes zero as soon as the string is inclined. Question 2 (i) Complete the following by choosing the correct answers from the bracket: [6] (a) A machine is designed with a velocity ratio of 4. When tested in a dusty factory environment, its mechanical advantage drops to 3. The efficiency of this machine under these conditions is [133% / 25% / 75%]. (b) A uniform metre scale is balanced horizontally on a knife-edge at its 50 cm mark. If a 20 gf weight is hung at the 20 cm mark, the weight required to be placed at the 70 cm mark to balance it according to the principle of moments is [ 20/30/10] . (c) A physical balance has its beam pivoted at its center. When it is perfectly balanced with weights in both pans, it is an example of .. equilibrium. [Stable / Unstable / Dynamic] (d) A stringed instrument produces a note of certain frequency. If its tension is increased, the . of the sound produced will increase. [Pitch / Loudness /Quality] (e) A watchmaker uses a small, thick glass lens to inspect the tiny, intricate gears of a wristwatch. To see an erect and magnified image of the watch parts, the watchmaker must hold the lens at a distance ..its focal length. [equal to / less than / greater than twice] 5 (f) (ii) (iii) In .., a right-angled glass prism is used to turn the incident light ray by 90 through total internal reflection. [Simple Microscope / Periscope / Spectrometer] The Earth revolves around the Sun in a nearly circular orbit under the influence of gravitational attraction. (a) Name the force acting on the Earth directed toward the Sun. (b) Explain why the work done by this force on the Earth is always zero. [2] Two copper wires are of the same length but one is thinner than the other. (a) Which wire will have more resistance? (b) Compare the specific resistance of both the wires. [2] Question 3 (i) A water pump and an electric crane both lift equal masses to the same height. The pump takes 20 seconds, while the crane takes 50 seconds. Compare: (a) The work done by both machines. (b) The power delivered by both machines. Give a reason for your answer. [2] (ii) A particle experiences a constant force, yet the work done by this force on the particle is exactly zero. Describe two distinct physical scenarios where this condition is satisfied. [2] (iii) A student needs to project an image of a slide onto a wall using a convex lens. (a) Where should the slide be placed in relation to the lens's focal point (F) to get an enlarged, real image? (b) What must be the orientation of the slide in the projector for the audience to see the image right side up? [2] (iv) An observer is viewing a coin at the bottom of a shallow basin. If the basin is suddenly filled with a transparent liquid of a higher refractive index than water, will the apparent depth of the coin increase, decrease, or remain the same? Give a reason. [2] 6 (v) A science museum has an exhibit on sensors used in automatic doors and distance measurement. One sensor emits sound waves of wavelength 2.0 cm. The speed of sound in air is 330 m s . Explain whether the visitor would be able to hear the sound. Show necessary steps. [2] (vi) The voltage current graph of a metallic circuit at two different temperatures T1 and T2 is shown in the figure below which out of the two temperatures are higher and why? [2] (vii) A company is testing the performance of a battery-operated warehouse robot used to transport small packages. When connected to a 30 V rechargeable battery, the motor draws a current of 1.2 A and the robot moves at its normal speed. After several hours of operation, the battery gradually loses charge. During a performance test, the robot comes to a halt when the current through the motor decreases to 0.75 A. Assume that the resistance of the motor remains constant throughout the test. (a) Calculate the resistance of the motor. (b) Determine the battery voltage when the robot stops moving. (c) The quality-control engineer states, "The robot stopped because the battery voltage became zero." Based on your answer to part (b), comment on whether this statement is correct. Give a reason. [3] SECTION B [Attempt any four questions] Question 4 (i) (a) A substance has nearly zero resistance at a temperature 1 K. What is such a substance called? 7 (b) The following diagram shows the displacement-time graph for a vibrating body. (i) Name the type of vibration produced by the vibrating body. (ii) Give one example of a body producing such a vibration. [3] (ii) An ICSE student is designing a cardboard cutout lamp base for a physics project. The base is made of a uniform, flat square sheet PQRS of side 20 cm. (a) Where is the initial centre of gravity of this square sheet located? (b) The student cuts out and removes a smaller square corner piece 10 cm times 10 cm from the top-right corner of the sheet. Explain qualitatively how the position of the centre of gravity shifts. (c) Can the centre of gravity of an object lie in a space where there is no material mass? Give one real-life example. [3] (iii) A warehouse owner wants to reduce the effort required to lift heavy boxes to the top floor. A pulley system raises a 360 kgf load through a vertical height of 15 m. During the process, the worker pulls 75 m of rope while applying a downward effort of 90 kgf. (Take g = 10 N kg-1). Answer the following questions: (a) Calculate the Velocity Ratio (V.R.) and the Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) of the pulley system. (b) Determine the efficiency of the pulley system. (c) If all friction in the pulley system were eliminated, predict how the effort required would change? [4] 8 Question 5 (i) An electric motor of power 3 kW is used to lift a metal block of mass 150 kg vertically upwards from the bottom of a well. (Take g = 10 m s-2). (a) Calculate the constant speed with which the block rises. (b) If the motor works continuously for 12 seconds, calculate the total work done by the motor. [3] (ii) A laser beam travels from glass into air. The angle of incidence is gradually increased at the glass-air boundary. (a) What happens to the refracted ray when the angle of incidence becomes equal to the critical angle? (b) What phenomenon is observed if the angle of incidence is increased beyond the critical angle? (c) State any one condition required for the phenomenon mentioned in part (b) by you to occur. [3] (iii) A uniform wooden plank AB of length 4 m and mass 20 kg is pivoted right at its midpoint. Sonam of mass 30 kg sits at the end A and Rahul of mass 40 kg sits on the other side at a distance of 1.2 m from the pivot. (a) Determine whether the plank is in equilibrium. If not, state which side tilts downward. Show necessary calculations. (b) Where should a third child, Amit of mass 10 kg, sit so that the plank balances horizontally? Take g = 10 m s-2. [4] Question 6 (i) A manufacturer tests two cutting tools. Tool Length of Handle Length of Blade X Short Long Y Long Short Tool X cuts paper easily but struggles to cut metal. Tool Y cuts metal with much less effort. Answer the following: (a) Which tool has the greater Mechanical Advantage? Give a reason. (b) Identify the class of lever used in both tools. (c) Explain why Tool Y is more suitable for cutting metal. 9 [3] (ii) (iii) An object of height 5 cm is placed at a distance of 20 cm in front of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. (a) Calculate the image distance. (b) Find the height of the image formed. [3] Consider the following table containing data for three types of electromagnetic waves, P, Q, and R: Wave P Q R (a) (b) (c) Speed in Vacuum ms-1 3 X 108 3 X 108 3 X 108 Wavelength (m) 5 X 10-7 4 X 10-8 2 X 10-4 Identify the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum to which waves P, Q, and R belong. Which wave (P, Q, or R) has the highest frequency? Mention one critical medical or everyday application for wave R. [4] Question 7 (i) During a lens experiment, a student notes that the object and the sharp image are formed on the screen at equal distances from a convex lens. (a) What conclusion can the student draw about the object's position? Explain. (b) If both distances are 30 cm, calculate the focal length of the lens. (c) Another student claims, "If the object is moved closer to the lens, the image will also move closer." Do you agree? Justify your answer using the behaviour of a convex lens. [3] 10 (ii) (iii) A sound source of constant loudness but variable frequency is placed near a tuning fork of natural frequency 256 Hz. The frequency of the sound source is gradually increased from 200 Hz to 300 Hz. (a) Name the type of vibrations executed by the tuning fork at 220 Hz and 256 Hz. (b) Why does the tuning fork virtually fall silent the moment the source frequency shifts from 256 Hz to 262 Hz, even though the source is still emitting the same amount of energy? (c) If the entire setup is immersed in water, how will it affect the amplitude at 256 Hz? [3] A student places an ink mark at the bottom of a 6 cm thick glass slab and observes it from directly above. The mark appears to be closer to the top surface than its actual position. The refractive index of the glass is 1.5. (a) Explain why the ink mark appears raised when viewed from above. (b) Calculate the apparent depth of the ink mark. Hence, determine the apparent shift in its position. (c) Predict how the apparent shift would change if the glass slab were replaced by another slab of the same thickness but with a higher refractive index. Give a reason. [4] Question 8 (i) A man standing in front of a vertical cliff fires a gun. He hears the echo after 3 s. On moving closer to the cliff by 82.5 m, he fires again and hears the echo after 2.5 s. Find : (a) the speed of sound. (b) the distance of the cliff from the initial position of the man [3] (ii) A disaster relief team is using a block and tackle pulley system to lift heavy cartons of medical supplies onto a rescue vehicle. To reduce the effort required, the team selects a pulley system with an ideal velocity ratio (V.R.) of 5. One of the volunteers pulls the free end of the rope vertically downwards. Draw a neat, labelled diagram of the block and tackle pulley system used by the team. [3] (iii) A jeweller uses a handheld lens to inspect the fine engravings on a ring. She notices that the image formed is always upright, diminished, and lies between the object and the lens, irrespective of the distance of the ring from the lens. (a) Identify the type of lens used by the jeweller. (b) Draw a neat ray diagram to show the formation of the image when the object is placed in front of this lens. [4] 11 Question 9 (i) A body of mass 20 kg is kept at a height of 10 m. It is allowed to fall and reach the ground. (a) What is the total mechanical energy possessed by the body at the height of 5m from the ground assuming it is a frictionless medium? (b) What is the kinetic energy possessed by the body just before hitting the ground? Take g = 10 ms-2. [3] (ii) (a) A cylindrical copper wire has a resistance of 12 . This wire is melted and recast into a new wire whose length is exactly three times the original length. Calculate the resistance of the newly formed wire. (b) Name and state the law which relates the potential difference and current in a conductor. [3] (iii) (a) What determines the pitch of a sound? (b) Name the unit in which level of sound is measured. (c) Name the characteristic which enables one to distinguish the sound of two musical instruments even if they are of same pitch and same amplitude. (d) State the condition for the resonance to occur. [4] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12

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